Editing Democratic-Republican Party (section)

===Madison's presidency, 1809–1817===
{{Further|Presidency of James Madison}}
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As attacks on American shipping continued after Madison took office, both Madison and the broader American public moved towards war.<ref>{{harvp|Wills|2002|pages=94–96}}.</ref> Public resentment towards Britain led to the election of a new generation of Democratic-Republican leaders, including [[Henry Clay]] and [[John C. Calhoun]], who championed high [[Tariffs in United States history|tariffs]], federally funded [[internal improvement]]s and a jingoistic attitude towards Britain.{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|pp=147–148}} On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war.<ref>{{harvp|Wills|2002|pages=95–96}}.</ref> The declaration was passed largely along sectional and party lines, with intense opposition coming from the Federalists and some other congressmen from the Northeast.<ref name="RRA 217-224">Rutland, ''James Madison: The Founding Father'', pp. 217–24</ref> For many who favored war, national honor was at stake; [[John Quincy Adams]] wrote that the only alternative to war was "the abandonment of our right as an independent nation."{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|p=156}} George Clinton's nephew, [[DeWitt Clinton]], challenged Madison in the [[1812 United States presidential election|1812 presidential election]]. Though Clinton assembled a formidable coalition of Federalists and anti-Madison Democratic-Republicans, Madison won a close election.{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|pp=156–159}}

Madison initially hoped for a quick end to the [[War of 1812]], but the war got off to a disastrous start as multiple American invasions of [[The Canadas|Canada]] were defeated.<ref>{{harvp|Wills|2002|pages=97–98}}.</ref> The United States had more military success in 1813, and American troops under [[William Henry Harrison]] defeated [[Tecumseh's confederacy]] in the [[Battle of the Thames]] in 1814, crushing Indian resistance to [[Territorial evolution of the United States|U.S. expansion]]. Britain shifted troops to North America in 1814 following Napoleon's abdication, and British forces [[Burning of Washington|captured and burnt Washington]] in August 1814.{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|pp=160–161}} In early 1815, Madison learned that his negotiators in Europe had signed the [[Treaty of Ghent]], ending the war without major concessions by either side.{{sfnp|Rutland|1990|pp=186–188}} Though it had no effect on the treaty, [[Andrew Jackson]]'s victory in the January 1815 [[Battle of New Orleans]] ended the war on a triumphant note.{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|pp=175–176}} Napoleon's defeat at the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in June 1815 brought a final end to the Napoleonic Wars and European interference with American shipping.{{sfnp|Rutland|1990|pp=192, 201}} With Americans celebrating a successful "second war of independence", the Federalist Party slid towards national irrelevance.{{sfnp|Rutland|1990|pp=211–212}} The subsequent period of virtually one-party rule by the Democratic-Republican Party is known as the "[[Era of Good Feelings]]."{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

In his first term, Madison and his allies had largely hewed to Jefferson's domestic agenda of low taxes and a reduction of the national debt, and Congress allowed the national bank's charter to expire during Madison's first term.{{sfnp|Rutland|1990|pp=20, 68–70}} The challenges of the War of 1812 led many Democratic-Republicans to reconsider the role of the federal government.{{sfnp|Wilentz|2005|pp=181–182}} When the [[14th United States Congress|14th Congress]] convened in December 1815, Madison proposed the re-establishment of the national bank, increased spending on the army and the navy, and a tariff designed to [[Protectionism|protect]] American goods from foreign competition. Madison's proposals were strongly criticized by strict constructionists like [[John Randolph of Roanoke|John Randolph]], who argued that Madison's program "out-Hamiltons Alexander Hamilton."{{sfnp|Rutland|1990|pp=195–198}} Responding to Madison's proposals, the 14th Congress compiled one of the most productive legislative records up to that point in history, enacting the [[Tariff of 1816]] and establishing the [[Second Bank of the United States]].{{sfnp|Howe|2007|pp=82–84}} At the party's 1816 [[congressional nominating caucus]], Secretary of State James Monroe defeated Secretary of War [[William H. Crawford]] in a 65-to-54 vote.{{sfnp|Cunningham|1996|pp=15–18}} The Federalists offered little opposition in the [[1816 United States presidential election|1816 presidential election]] and Monroe won in a landslide election.{{sfnp|Cunningham|1996|pp=18–19}}