Editing Determinism (section)

=== Predeterminism ===
[[Predeterminism]] is the idea that all events are determined in advance.<ref name="McKewan">{{cite encyclopedia |last=McKewan |first=Jaclyn |editor=H. James Birx"|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Time: Science, Philosophy, Theology, & Culture |title=Predeterminism |year=2009 |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc. |doi=10.4135/9781412963961.n191 |pages=1035–1036|chapter=Evolution, Chemical |isbn=978-1412941648 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionaries |title=Predeterminism |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/predeterminism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904051839/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/predeterminism |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=20 December 2012 |date= 2010 }}. See also {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Collins English Dictionary |title=Predeterminism |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/predeterminism |access-date=20 December 2012 |publisher=Collins}}</ref> The concept is often argued by invoking causal determinism, implying that there is an unbroken [[Chain of events|chain of prior occurrences]] stretching back to the origin of the universe. In the case of predeterminism, this chain of events has been pre-established, and human actions cannot interfere with the outcomes of this pre-established chain.

Predeterminism can be categorized as a specific type of determinism when it is used to mean pre-established causal determinism.<ref name="McKewan" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://philosophy.lander.edu/ethics/notes-determinism.html |title=Some Varieties of Free Will and Determinism |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=Philosophy 302: Ethics |publisher=philosophy.lander.edu |access-date=19 December 2012| quote=Predeterminism: the philosophical and theological view that combines God with determinism. On this doctrine events throughout eternity have been foreordained by some supernatural power in a causal sequence.}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=March 2025}} It can also be used interchangeably with causal determinism—in the context of its capacity to determine future events.<ref name="McKewan" /><ref>See for example {{cite arXiv |eprint=hep-th/0104219 |author=Hooft, G. |title=How does god play dice? (Pre-)determinism at the Planck scale |quote=Predeterminism is here defined by the assumption that the experimenter's 'free will' in deciding what to measure (such as his choice to measure the x- or the y-component of an electron's spin), is in fact limited by deterministic laws, hence not free at all |year=2001}}, and {{cite journal |author=Sukumar |first=C.V. |year=1996 |title=A new paradigm for science and architecture |journal=City |volume=1 |issue=1–2 |pages=181–183 |doi=10.1080/13604819608900044 |bibcode=1996City....1..181S |quote=Quantum Theory provided a beautiful description of the behaviour of isolated atoms and nuclei and small aggregates of elementary particles. Modern science recognized that predisposition rather than predeterminism is what is widely prevalent in nature.}}</ref> However, predeterminism is often considered as independent of causal determinism.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Borst, C. |year=1992 |title=Leibniz and the Compatibilist Account of Free Will |journal=Studia Leibnitiana |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=49–58 |jstor=40694201 |quote=Leibniz presents a clear case of a philosopher who does not think that predeterminism requires universal causal determinism.}}</ref><ref name="Society1971">{{cite book|author=Far Western Philosophy of Education Society|title=Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Far Western Philosophy of Education Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spkpAQAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Far Western Philosophy of Education Society|page=12|quote='Determinism' is, in essence, the position which holds that all behavior is caused by prior behavior. "Predeterminism" is the position which holds that all behavior is caused by conditions which predate behavior altogether (such impersonal boundaries as "the human conditions", instincts, the will of God, inherent knowledge, fate, and such).}}</ref>

==== Biological ====
The term ''predeterminism'' is also frequently used in the context of biology and heredity, in which case it represents a form of [[biological determinism]], sometimes called ''genetic determinism''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Predeterminism |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc. |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/predeterminism |access-date=20 December 2012}} See for example {{cite journal |author=Ormond |first=A.T. |year=1894 |title=Freedom and psycho-genesis |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429090 |journal=Psychological Review |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=217–229 |doi=10.1037/h0065249 |quote=The problem of predeterminism is one that involves the factors of heredity and environment, and the point to be debated here is the relation of the present self that chooses to these predetermining agencies.}}, and {{cite journal |author=Garris, M.D. |display-authors=etal |year=1992 |title=A Platform for Evolving Genetic Automata for Text Segmentation (GNATS) |journal=Science of Artificial Neural Networks |volume=1710 |pages=714–724 |bibcode=1992SPIE.1710..714G |doi=10.1117/12.140132 |quote=However, predeterminism is not completely avoided. If the codes within the genotype are not designed properly, then the organisms being evolved will be fundamentally handicapped. |s2cid=62639035}}</ref> Biological determinism is the idea that all human behaviors, beliefs, and desires are fixed by human genetic nature.

[[Friedrich Nietzsche]] explained that human beings are "determined" by their bodies and are subject to its passions, impulses, and instincts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nietzsche |first=Friedrich |title=The Gay Science |publisher=Vintage |year=1974 |isbn=978-0394719856 |page=7 |language=English}}</ref>