Editing Diaphragm (birth control) (section)

==Side effects==
Women (or their partners) who are allergic to [[latex]] should not use a latex diaphragm.

Diaphragms are associated with an increased risk of [[urinary tract infection]] (UTI).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fihn S| title=Association between diaphragm use and urinary tract infection|journal=JAMA|volume=254|issue=2|pages=240–5|year=1985|pmid=3999367|doi= 10.1001/jama.254.2.240| last2=Latham| last3=Roberts| last4=Running| last5=Stamm}}<br>{{cite journal|author=Heaton C, Smith M|title=The diaphragm|journal=Am Fam Physician|volume=39|issue=5|pages=231–6|year=1989|pmid=2718900|last2=Smith}}</ref> Urinating before inserting the diaphragm, and also after intercourse, may reduce this risk.<ref name="pp" />

[[Toxic shock syndrome]] (TSS) occurs at a rate of 2.4 cases per 100,000 women using diaphragms, almost exclusively when the device is left in place longer than 24&nbsp;hours.<ref name="afp" />

The increase in risk of UTIs may be due to the diaphragm applying pressure to the [[urethra]], especially if the diaphragm is too large, and causing irritation and preventing the bladder from emptying fully.  However, the spermicide [[nonoxynol-9]] is itself associated with increased risk of UTI, [[Candidiasis|yeast infection]], and [[bacterial vaginosis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Drug Information: Nonoxynol-9 cream, film, foam, gel, jelly, suppository|work=Medical University of South Carolina|date=March 2006|url=http://www.muschealth.com/cds/CPDrugInfo.details.aspx?cpnum=1477&language=english|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012161848/http://muschealth.com/cds/CPDrugInfo.details.aspx?cpnum=1477&language=english|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-10-12|access-date=2006-08-06}}</ref> For this reason, some advocate use of lactic acid or lemon juice based spermicides, which might have fewer side effects.<ref>{{cite web  |title=Natural Spermicides and Femprotect  |work=Ovusoft.com Message Boards  |date=June 2003  |url=http://forums.ovusoft.com/tm.asp?m=1508226&p=1&tmode=6  |access-date=2006-10-17  }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=Level C |fix-attempted=yes }}<br>
{{cite web  |title=Femprotect - Lactic Acid Contraceptive Gel  |work=Woman's Natural Health Practice  |url=http://www.naturalgynae.com/nav6_fact19.html  |access-date=2006-09-17  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060601030433/http://www.naturalgynae.com/nav6_fact19.html  |archive-date=2006-06-01  |url-status=dead  }}<br></ref>

In the early 1920s, [[Marie Stopes]] claimed that when wearing a diaphragm, the vagina is stretched such that certain movements made by the woman for the benefit of the man were restricted by the diaphragm spring. In later years there was some discussion of this, with two authors supporting this concept and one opposed. One of them argued in the later 1920s-1930s that while the muscle movement by women is restricted it does not make all that much difference since most "women (in the 1920s) are not able to operate their pelvic muscles voluntarily to the best advantage" (during sex). However, Stopes anticipated this rebuttal, and in so many words classified it as a lame excuse.<ref>cook, Hera: The long sexual revolution: English women, sex and contraception 1800-1975.  Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 247-8</ref>