Editing Diffusion of responsibility (section)

== Causes ==
Diffusion of responsibility occurs in large group settings and under both [[Prosocial behavior|prosocial]] and [[Antisocial behavior|antisocial]] conditions. In prosocial situations, individuals' willingness to intervene or assist someone in need is inhibited by the presence of other people.<ref name="Latané Nida">{{cite journal | last1 = Latané | first1 = B. | last2 = Nida | first2 = S. | s2cid = 14358460 | year = 1981 | title = Ten years of research on group size and helping | journal = Psychological Bulletin | volume = 89 | issue = 2| pages = 308–324 | doi=10.1037/0033-2909.89.2.308}}</ref> The individual is under the belief that other people present will or should intervene.  Thus, the individual does not perceive it as her or his responsibility to take action. This will not happen if the individual believes that they are the only one aware of the situation. If a bystander is deciding how to help, they may abstain from doing so if they believe that they lack the competence to be of aid. Individuals may become reluctant to provide help for fear of how observers will view them.

===Anonymity===
In addition, diffusion of responsibility is more likely to occur under conditions of anonymity.  In prosocial situations, individuals are less likely to intervene when they do not know the victim personally.  Instead, they believe that someone who has a relationship with the victim will assist.  In [[Anti-social behaviour|antisocial]] situations, negative behaviours are more likely to be carried out when the person is in a group of similarly motivated individuals. The behaviour is driven by the [[Deindividuation|deindividuating]] effects of group membership and the diffusion of feelings of personal responsibility for the consequences.<ref name="Mathes E">{{cite journal | last1 = Mathes | first1 = E. W. | last2 = Kahn | first2 = A. | year = 1975 | title = Diffusion of responsibility and extreme behaviour | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 31 | issue = 5| pages = 881–886 | doi=10.1037/h0076695}}</ref> As part of this process, individuals become less self-aware and feel an increased sense of anonymity.  As a result, they are less likely to feel responsible for any antisocial behaviour performed by their group.  Diffusion of responsibility is also a causal factor governing much crowd behaviour, as well as risk-taking in groups.<ref name="Wallach M 1">{{cite journal | last1 = Wallach | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Kogan | first2 = N. | last3 = Bem | first3 = D. J. | year = 1964 | title = Diffusion of responsibility and level of risk taking in groups | url =https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108279/1/ets200956.pdf | journal = Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology | volume = 68 | issue = 3| pages = 263–274 | doi=10.1037/h0042190| pmid = 14126840 | hdl = 2027.42/108279 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Le Bon">Le Bon, G. (1995, 1895). The crowd: a study of the popular mind. London: Transaction. {{ISBN|978-1-56000-788-3}}.</ref>

Contrary to anonymity, it has been shown that if one can utilise technology to prevent anonymity, it can further prevent diffusion of responsibility. Studies have shown that if emails are sent directly to individuals as opposed to addressing individuals in mass emails, they can prevent diffusion of responsibility and elicit more responses. In addition to eliciting more responses, the responses that were received from individuals, as opposed to groups, were longer and more helpful to the initial questions asked.<ref name="Barron Yechiam 2002"/>

===Division of labor===
Diffusion of responsibility can manifest itself in the workplace when tasks are assigned to individuals in terms of [[Division of labour|division of labor]]. In an economics context, diffusion of responsibility can be observed in groups when a leader assigns tasks to individuals. To promote the concept of fairness, the leader will generally assign an equal amount of work to individuals within the group. This is in part due to the idea that people in general want to seem fair and kind.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Handbook of Experimental Economics: Volume 2|last=Kagel|first=John|year=1995|isbn=9781400883172|pages=249}}</ref>

According to [[Albert Bandura]], diffusion of responsibility can occur when managers create subtasks in an organization. When people are subdivided into individual tasks they can often forget their role to the organization as a whole and get narrow minded into focusing on their own role. Individuals may unknowingly diffuse their responsibility to an organization by only doing what is required of them in their respective tasks. This is because their focus for accountability is diverted from the organization to their individualized tasks.<ref name=Bandura1999>{{cite journal |last1=Bandura |first1=Albert |title=Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Review |date=August 1999 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=193–209 |doi=10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3 |pmid=15661671 |citeseerx=10.1.1.596.5502 |s2cid=1589183 }}</ref>

===Expertise===
In organisations, diffusion of responsibility can be observed on the basis of roles and differing levels of expertise. For instance, in a hierarchical structure, where your position in the organisation is associated with your level of engagement to the group, people tend to diffuse accountability to those with greater responsibility and a higher level in the structure. Evidence from numerous research studies suggests "followers" have not taken responsibility because they feel they have a lower status in the organisation. Many individuals in a group assume those with a greater level of power are held accountable for more and assume they take on a greater level of responsibility. The association of level of expertise or role and the amount of work required can cause people to feel varying levels of responsibility and accountability for their own contributions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vanderslice|first=Virginia|date=1988|title=Separating Leadership from Leaders: An Assessment of the Effect of Leader and Follower Roles in Organizations|journal=Human Relations|volume=41|issue=9|pages=681–682|doi=10.1177/001872678804100903|s2cid=146748545 }}</ref>

===Group size===
Because of the diffusion of responsibility, people feel that their need to intervene in a situation decreases as the number of other (perceived) witnesses increases. In an experiment that [[John M. Darley|John Darley]] and [[Bibb Latané]] conducted in 1968, it was found that a subject was much less likely to help someone having a seizure when the subject thought that at least one other subject was also hearing the individual have a seizure. The subject's likeliness to help decreased with the number of other subjects (up to four) he or she thought were also listening to the seizure. Group size is a key factor to the diffusion of responsibility, as in a different study, it was additionally found that the probability of an individual volunteering to be a primary helper or leader also decreases as the size of the group grows.<ref name="Barron Yechiam 2002"/>

===Gender===
Research in the past has shown that [[gender]] does play a role in terms of how people make decisions about helping others. With regards to social responsibility of helping others in need, people feel less inclined to help those who they think need it less. Based on previous research, people have generally helped women and diffusion of responsibility is more prevalent when males have needed help because the general stereotype was that men don't need help and can handle situations on their own, whereas women were perceived as weaker than men. New research has shown that with changing viewpoints on gender stereotypes, diffusion of responsibility is less prevalent when a lone woman is in need of assistance due to the women's liberation movement, which has helped change those stereotypes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=S. M. S.|date=July 1, 2010|title=Helping Behavior as Predicted by Diffusion of Responsibility, Exchange Theory, and Traditional Sex Norm|journal=The Journal of Social Psychology|volume=109|pages=153–154|doi=10.1080/00224545.1979.9933654}}</ref>