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Dingo
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===Phylogeny=== {{Further|Canis lupus dingo#Lineage}} [[Image:Map of Sunda and Sahul.png|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Sahul Shelf]] and the [[Sunda Shelf]] during the past 12,000 years: Tasmania separated from the mainland 12,000 {{sc|[[YBP]]}},<ref name=lyndall2012/> and New Guinea separated from the mainland 6,500<ref name=cairns2016/>–8,500 {{sc|[[YBP]]}}.<ref name=cairns2016/><ref name=bourke2009/>]] [[Whole genome sequencing]] indicates that, while dogs are a [[Genetic divergence|genetically divergent]] subspecies of the grey wolf,<ref name=fan2016/> the dog is not a descendant of the extant grey wolf. Rather, these are sister taxa which share a common ancestor from a [[ghost population]] of wolves that disappeared at the end of the [[Late Pleistocene]].<ref name=freedman2014/> The dog and the dingo are not separate species.<ref name=fan2016/> The dingo and the [[Basenji]] are [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]]{{efn|"The term ''[[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal taxon]]'' refers to a lineage that diverges early in the history of the group and lies on a branch that originates near the common ancestor of the group".{{nowrap| — Reece (2015)<ref name=reece2015/>}} }} members of the domestic dog clade.<ref name=fan2016/><ref name=koepfli2015/><ref name=freedman2014/> [[Mitochondrial genome]] sequences indicate that the dingo falls within the domestic dog clade,<ref name=thalmann2013/> and that the New Guinea singing dog is genetically closer to those dingoes that live in southeastern Australia than to those that live in the northwest.<ref name=cairns2016/> The dingo and New Guinea singing dog lineage can be traced back from Island Southeast Asia to Mainland Southeast Asia.<ref name=greig2016/> [[Gene flow]] from the genetically divergent [[Tibetan wolf#Lineage|Tibetan wolf]] forms 2% of the dingo's genome,<ref name=fan2016/> which likely represents ancient admixture in eastern Eurasia.<ref name=freedman2014/><ref name=wang2015/> By the close of the [[Last Glacial Period|last ice age]] 11,700 years ago, five ancestral dog lineages had diversified from each other, with one of these being represented today by the New Guinea singing dog.<ref name="Bergström2020"/> In 2020, the first whole [[genome]] sequencing of the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog was undertaken. The study indicates that the ancestral lineage of the dingo/New Guinea singing dog clade arose in southern [[East Asia]], migrated through Island Southeast Asia 9,900 {{sc|[[YBP]]}}, and reached Australia 8,300 {{sc|[[YBP]]}}; however, the human population which brought them remains unknown. The dingo's genome indicates that it was once a domestic dog which commenced a process of [[feral]]isation since its arrival 8,300 years ago, with the new environment leading to changes in those genomic regions which regulate metabolism, neurodevelopment, and reproduction.<ref name=Zhang2020b/> A 2016 genetic study shows that the lineage of those dingoes found today in the northwestern part of the Australian continent split from the lineage of the New Guinea singing dog and southeastern dingo 8,300 years ago, followed by a split between the New Guinea singing dog lineage from the southeastern dingo lineage 7,800 years ago. The study proposes that two dingo migrations occurred when sea levels were lower and Australia and New Guinea formed one landmass named [[Sahul Shelf|Sahul]]<ref name=cairns2016/><ref name=cairns2017/> that existed until 6,500–8,000 years ago.<ref name=smithC3/><ref name=cairns2016/><ref name=cairns2017/> Whole genome analysis of the dingo indicates there are three sub-populations which exist in Northeast (Tropical), Southeast (Alpine), and West/Central Australia (Desert).<ref name=Zhang2020b/> Morphological data showing the dingo skulls from Southeastern Australia (Alpine dingoes) being quite distinct from the other ecotypes. And [[Genomics|genomic]] and [[mitochondrial DNA]] sequencing demonstrating at least 2 dingo mtDNA haplotypes colonised Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=GigaScience |doi=10.1093/gigascience/giad018 |title=The Australasian dingo archetype: ''de novo'' chromosome-length genome assembly, DNA methylome, and cranial morphology |year=2023 |last1=Ballard |first1=J William O. |last2=Field |first2=Matt A. |last3=Edwards |first3=Richard J. |last4=Wilson |first4=Laura A B. |last5=Koungoulos |first5=Loukas G. |last6=Rosen |first6=Benjamin D. |last7=Chernoff |first7=Barry |last8=Dudchenko |first8=Olga |last9=Omer |first9=Arina |last10=Keilwagen |first10=Jens |last11=Skvortsova |first11=Ksenia |last12=Bogdanovic |first12=Ozren |last13=Chan |first13=Eva |last14=Zammit |first14=Robert |last15=Hayes |first15=Vanessa |last16=Aiden |first16=Erez Lieberman |volume=12 |pmid=36994871 |pmc=10353722 }}</ref> In 2020, a genetic study found that the [[New Guinea singing dog#New Guinea Highland wild dog|New Guinea Highland wild dogs]] were genetically basal to the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog, and therefore the potential originator of both.<ref name=Surbakti2020>{{cite journal|title=New Guinea highland wild dogs are the original New Guinea singing dogs|year=2020|doi=10.1073/pnas.2007242117|last1=Surbakti|first1=Suriani|last2=Parker|first2=Heidi G.|last3=McIntyre|first3=James K.|last4=Maury|first4=Hendra K.|last5=Cairns|first5=Kylie M.|last6=Selvig|first6=Meagan|last7=Pangau-Adam|first7=Margaretha|last8=Safonpo|first8=Apolo|last9=Numberi|first9=Leonardo|last10=Runtuboi|first10=Dirk Y. P.|last11=Davis|first11=Brian W.|last12=Ostrander|first12=Elaine A.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=117|issue=39|pages=24369–24376|pmid=32868416|pmc=7533868|bibcode=2020PNAS..11724369S |doi-access=free}}</ref>
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