Editing Direct election (section)

=== Africa ===
Many African nations have moved from parliamentary to presidential systems. Regardless of constitutional structures, presidents often have immense power over other political decision-making bodies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van de Walle |first=Nicolas |date=2003 |title=Presidentialism and clientelism in Africa's emerging party systems |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022278X03004269/type/journal_article |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=297–321 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X03004269 |issn=0022-278X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Given this power, much of the political violence around elections stems from the elections of presidents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adjudication of Disputed Presidential Elections in Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/40002/chapter-abstract/340338022?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=academic.oup.com | year=2021 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780192894779.003.0014 | last1=Kaaba | first1=O'Brien | last2=Fombad | first2=Charles M. | pages=361–400 | isbn=978-0-19-289477-9 }}</ref> Additionally, recent coups and conflict have postponed direct presidential elections in several African countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa's Complex 2022 Elections |url=https://africacenter.org/spotlight/elections-2022/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Africa Center for Strategic Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>