Editing Dnipro (section)

==History==
{{Split section|History of Dnipro (city)|discuss={{TALKPAGENAME}}#Split proposed |date=March 2022}}

===Early history===
[[File:Lapidarium of Dnipropetrovs'k Museum of Local History 03 (YDS 6897).jpg|thumb|A part of the [[Cumans|Cuman]] statue collection of the [[Dmytro Yavornytsky National Historical Museum of Dnipro]]]]
Human settlements in current [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] date from the [[Paleolithic]] era.<ref name="EmberEmber0717256987"/> According to archeological finds, in the Paleolithic period (7—3 thousand BC) human settlements appear near the {{ill|Aptekarska brook|uk|Аптекарська балка (Дніпро)}} in what is now [[Chechelivskyi District]] and on [[Monastyrskyi Island]].<ref name="PakhomenkovNadporizhePrydniprovye">{{cite web |author=Yuri Pakhomenkov|title=History of Nadporizhe – Prydniprovye (from the first people to the 17th century)|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=2|website=gorod.dp.ua|date=2000|access-date=16 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> A [[Neolithic]] stonecrafter's house has been excavated in one of Dnipro's city parks.<ref name="EmberEmber0717256987"/> In the [[Bronze Age]] the area was settled by diverse tribes.<ref name="EmberEmber0717256987">{{cite book |author=Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpRUAAAAMAAJ&q=Human+settlements+in+the+Dnipropetrovsk+area+date+from+the+Paleolithic+era+,+and+an+Neolithic+stonecrafters+house+has+been+excavated+in+one+of+the+city+parks+.+In+the+Bronze+Age+the+area+was+settled+by+diverse+tribes+,+including+... |title=Encyclopedia of Urban Cultures: Cities and Cultures Around the World, Volume 2 |date=2002 |publisher=Grolier Academic Reference |isbn=0717256987 |page=158 |edition=4th |language=English}}</ref> Traces of [[Cimmerian]] settlements during the Bronze Age have been found near today's [[Taras Shevchenko Park]].<ref name="PakhomenkovNadporizhePrydniprovye"/> The area of modern Dnipro was part of the [[Scythians|Scythian empire]] from approximately the 1st century BC until the 3rd century BC.<ref name="HistDniObla879"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHWhCgAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+Scythians&pg=PA29 |title=The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation |date=2015 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |isbn=978-0-300-21725-4 |page=29 and 28 |edition=4th |language=English}}</ref> During the [[Migration Period]] (300–800) nomadic tribes of the [[Huns]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], [[Bulgarians]], and [[Magyars]] passed through the lands of the [[Dnieper]] region, they came into contact with local agricultural [[East Slavs]].<ref name="HistDniObla879"/>

The area of modern Dnipro was part of the [[Kievan Rus']] (882–1240).<ref name="HistDniObla879">{{cite web |author=S. Svitlenko % O. Shlyakhov |title=Dnipropetrovsk region: milestones of historical progress |url=https://www.dnu.dp.ua/news/879 |website=[[Oles Honchar Dnipro National University]] |date=2012|access-date=7 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> The region witnessed fighting between the armies of Kievan Rus' and [[Khazars]], [[Pechenegs]], [[Tork people]] and [[Cumans]].<ref name="HistDniObla879"/> In the 13th century the Dnieper region was devastated during the [[Mongol Empire]] [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|conquest of Kievan Rus']].<ref name="HistDniObla879"/> The area of modern Dnipro city was incorporated into the Mongol's [[khanate]] [[Golden Horde]].<ref name="5CN%5CDnipropetrovskoblast">{{cite web |author=Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Ihor Stebelsky |title=Dnipropetrovsk oblast |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDnipropetrovskoblast.htm |website=Encyclopedia of Ukraine |date=2020|access-date=7 October 2022|language=English}}</ref>

In the 15th century the area became part of the [[Kiev Voivodeship]] (1471–1565) of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref name="5CN%5CDnipropetrovskoblast"/> Archeological finds in today's Dnipro's urban district [[Samarskyi District]] suggest that the important river crossing was a trading settlement from at least 1524.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459" /> In 1635, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth built the [[Kodak Fortress]] above the [[Dnieper Rapids]] at ''Kodaky'' on the south-eastern outskirts of modern Dnipro near the current [[Kaidatsky Bridge]],<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/> only to have it destroyed within months by the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks|Cossacks]] of [[Ivan Sulyma]].<ref name="SerhiiPlokhy">Plokhy, Serhii, ''The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine'', pub Oxford University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-19-924739-0}}, pages 26, 37, 40, 51, 60–1, 142, 245, and 268.</ref> Rebuilt in 1645,<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/> it was captured by [[Zaporozhian Sich]] in 1648.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/>

Around the fortress a settlement emerged that became a town in {{ill|Kodak Palanka|uk|Кодацька паланка|pl|Pałanka kudacka}} (province) of the Zaporizhian Sich called {{ill|Novi Kodaky|lt=Novyi (New) Kodak|uk|Нові Кодаки}}.<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/> Cossacks often hid the true number of the population to reduce taxation and other obligations, but according to documentary evidence, it can be assumed that the population of New Kodak was at least 3,000 people.<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/> The fortress was garrisoned by Cossacks until the Sich, allied with the [[Ottoman Empire]] and their [[Crimean Khanate|Tartar vassals]], drove out the encroaching [[Tsardom of Russia]]. Under the terms of the Russian withdrawal—the [[Treaty of the Pruth]] in 1711—the Kodak fortress was demolished.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/><ref name="Kodak_Pruth">[https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/time-out/above-kodak day.kyiv.ua ''Above Kodak, this year the unique fortress marks its 375th anniversary''], by Mykola Chaban, 2010.</ref>

In the mid-1730s, the fortress and Russians returned, living in an uneasy cohabitation with local cossacks.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459" /> From mid-century they co-existed with the Zaporozhian [[sloboda (settlement)|sloboda]] (or "free settlement") of ''Polovytsia'' located on the site of today's Central Terminal and the ''Ozyorka'' farmers market.<ref name="eugene" /><ref name="ukrssr2">[http://ukrssr.com.ua/dnipro/viniknennya-i-rozvitok-mista-dnipropetrovsk Establishment and development of the Dnipropetrovsk city (Виникнення і розвиток міста Дніпропетровськ)]. [[The History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR]].</ref>

In the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]], the Zaporozhian cossacks allied with [[Catherine the Great|Empress Catherine II]]. No sooner had they assisted the Russians to victory than they faced an imperial ultimatum to disband their confederation. The [[Liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich|liquidation of the Sich]] destroyed their political autonomy and saw the incorporation of their lands into the new governates of [[New Russia Governorate|Novorossiya]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zaporizhia National University |last2=Milchev |first2=Vladimir |last3=Sen' |first3=Dmitry |last4=Kalmyk Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences |date=2018 |title=The Plans for the Abolition of the Zaporozhian Host and their Implementation (1740s–1770s): Cossack Ambitions vs Imperial Interests |journal=Quaestio Rossica |url=https://qr.urfu.ru/ojs/index.php/qr/article/view/302 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=385–402 |doi=10.15826/qr.2018.2.302|doi-access=free |hdl=10995/61114 |hdl-access=free | issn = 2311-911X }}</ref> In 1784, Catherine ordered the foundation of new city, commonly referred to at the time as Katerynoslav.<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak" />

In 2001 the seal of Kodak Palanka became the central element of {{ill|Dnipro's coat of arms|uk|Герб Дніпра}} and {{ill|Dnipro's official flag|uk|Прапор Дніпра}}.<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/>

=== Imperial city ===
{{Quote box
| quote = {{Flag|Russian Empire}} 1776–1917<br>
{{Flag|Ukrainian People's Republic}} 1917–1918<br>
∟ ''autonomous part of the [[Russian Republic]]''<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine.svg|link=}} [[Ukrainian State]] 1918<br>
{{Flag|Ukrainian People's Republic}} 1918–1920<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919-1929).svg}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1929-1937).svg}} {{Flag|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|1937}} 1920–1941<br>
∟ ''part of the [[Soviet Union]] from 1922''<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|link=}} [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]] 1941–1944 <br>
∟ ''part of [[German-occupied Europe]]''<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1937–1949).svg}} {{Flag|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}} 1944–1991<br>
∟ ''part of the [[Soviet Union]]''<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (Soviet shades).svg}} {{Flag|Ukraine}} 1991–present
| title = Historical affiliations
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==== Establishment of Catherine's city ====
The first written mention of a town in the [[Russian Empire]] called Yekaterinoslav can be found in a report from [[Azov Governorate|Azov Governor]] [[Vasily Chertkov]] to [[Grigory Potemkin]] on 23 April 1776. He wrote "The provincial city called Yekaterinoslav should be the best convenience on the right side of the [[Dnieper River]] near Kaydak..." (referring to Novyi Kodak). In 1777, a town named Yekaterinoslav (''the glory of Catherine''),<ref name="Cybriwsky History of the Dnipro"/> was built to the north of the present-day city at the confluence of the [[Samara (Dnieper)|Samara]] and Kilchen rivers. The site was badly chosen – spring waters transformed the city into a bog.<ref name="eugene">{{cite web |url=http://www.eugene.com.ua/dnepr.html |title=www.eugene.com.ua Dnepropetrovsk History |publisher=Eugene.com.ua |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="ukrssr2"/> The surviving settlement was later renamed [[Samar, Ukraine|Novomoskovsk]].<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/><ref name="ReferenceA">S. S. Montefiore: Prince of Princes – The Life of Potemkin</ref>

The territory of modern Dnipro, despite the modern-day city's size, still has not expanded to encompass the territory of (Chertkov's) Yekaterinoslav of 1776.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/> On 22 January 1784 [[Russian Emperor|Russian Empress]] [[Catherine the Great]] signed an Imperial Ukase directing that "the gubernatorial city under name of Yekaterinoslav be moved to the right bank of the [[Dnieper]] river near Kodak". The new city would serve [[Grigory Potemkin]] as a [[Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty|Viceregal seat for the combined Novorossiya and Azov Governorates]].<ref name="ukrssr2"/>

On {{OldStyleDate|20 May|1787|9 May}}, in the course of her celebrated [[Crimean journey of Catherine the Great|Crimean journey]], the Empress laid the foundation stone of the [[Transfiguration Cathedral, Dnipro|Transfiguration Cathedral]] in the presence of Austrian [[Emperor Joseph II]], [[Polish king]] [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]], and the French and English ambassadors.<ref>Portno and Portnova (2015), p. 225</ref><ref name="sobor2">{{cite web |last=Kavun |first=Maksim |script-title=ru:Загадки Преображенского собора |trans-title=Riddles surrounding the Transfiguration Cathedral |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=124 |access-date=27 July 2019 |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> Potemkin's grandiose plans for a third Russian imperial capital alongside Moscow and Saint Petersburg included a viceregal palace, a university (Potemkin envisioned Yekaterinoslav as the '[[Athens]] of southern Russia'<ref name="CharlesWynnPA25&l"/>), courts of law and a botanical garden,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=acjMDgAAQBAJ&dq=Yekaterinoslav+Potemkin&pg=PA83 Mungo Melvin CB OBE, ''Sevastopol's Wars: Crimea from Potemkin to Putin'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017], page 83</ref> were frustrated by a renewal of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)|Russo-Turkish war]] in 1787, by bureaucratic procrastination, defective workmanship, and theft, Potemkin's death in 1791 and that of his imperial patroness five years later.<ref name="CharlesWynnPA25&l">Charles Wynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jYABAAAQBAJ&dq=Ekaterinoslav+third+capital+Russia&pg=PA25 Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870–1905] – "[The Empress] and her favorite, Prince Grigorii Potemkin, the city's first governor-general and the de facto viceroy of southern Russia, had big plans for Ekaterinoslav. Potemkin envisioned Ekaterinoslav as the 'Athens of southern Russia' and as Russia's third capital – 'the centre of the administrative, economic, and cultural life of southern Russia.'"</ref>

In 1815 a government official described the town as "more like some [[Russian Mennonites|Dutch [Mennonite] colony]] then a provincial administrative centre".<ref name="BartlettYekaterinoslav2">{{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=Roger P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLc8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Yekaterinoslav+Potemkin+death&pg=PA133 |title=Human Capital: The Settlement of Foreigners in Russia 1762–1804 |date=13 December 1979 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22205-1 |page=133}}</ref> The cathedral, much reduced in size, was completed in 1835.<ref name="ukrssr2"/>

===== Disputed year of foundation =====
Scholarship concerning the foundation of the city has been subject to political considerations and dispute.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/><ref name=":4" /> In 1976, to have the bicentenary of the city coincide with the 70th anniversary of the birth of Soviet party leader, and regional native son, [[Leonid Brezhnev]], the date of the city's foundation was moved back from the visit Russian Empress Catherine II in 1787, to 1776.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459">[https://ukrainianweek.com/History/198459 Riding the currents], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (18 August 2017)</ref>

Following Ukrainian independence, local historians began to promote the idea of a town emerging in the 17th century from Cossack settlements, an approach aimed at promoting the city's Ukrainian identity.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Repan |first=Oleh |date=30 January 2022 |title=Memory Politics in Dnipropetrovsk, 1991–2015 |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/01/30/memory-politics-in-dnipropetrovsk-1991-2015/ |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book | first1 = Andrii | last1 = Portnov | first2 = Tetiana | last2 = Portnova | chapter = The 'Imperial' and the 'Cossack' in the Semiotics of Ekaterinoslav-Dnipropetrovsk:The Controversies of the Foundation Myth | editor-last=Pil'shchikov | editor-first=I. A. | title=Urban semiotics : the city as a cultural-historical phenomenon | publication-place=Tallinn | date=2015 | isbn=978-9985-58-807-9 | oclc=951558037 | chapter-url = https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Portnov_Andrii/The_Imperial_and_the_Cossack_in_the_Semiotics_of_Ekaterinoslav-Dnipropetrovsk_The_Controversies_of_t.pdf}}</ref> They cited the chronicler of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], [[Dmytro Yavornytsky]], whose ''History of the City of Ekaterinoslav'' completed in 1940 was authorised for publication only in 1989, the era of [[Glasnost]].<ref name="umoloda">''"Літописець Запорозької Січі – Минуло 150 років від дня народження Дмитра Яворницького", Ukraina Moloda, November 2011'', {{in lang|uk}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

==== Growth as an industrial centre ====
[[File:Катеринослав-на-Карті-Шуберта.jpg|thumb|A map of Ekaterinoslav, 1885{{#tag:ref|There is some confusion concerning the date of this map. According to the [[:File:Катеринослав-на-Карті-Шуберта.jpg|image file]] the map is by Schubert and dates from about 1860, but [[:uk:Дніпропетровськ|Ukrainian Wikipedia]] claims that it dates from 1885. The map shows the old (railway) {{ill|Amur Bridge|uk|Амурський міст}} across the river, which was completed in 1884.|group=nb}}]]
[[File:Ekaterinoslav.jpg|thumb|The Main Post Office, 1870]]
[[File:Catherine the Great in Dnipropetrovsk.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Catherine the Great]] monument in Ekaterinoslav (1840–1920{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}). This monument that stood in front of the Mining Institute was replaced by Soviet authorities with one of Russian academic [[Mikhail Lomonosov]].<ref name="oneplace1220130751"/>]]
While into the late nineteenth century the principal business of the town remained the processing of agricultural raw materials,<ref name="ukrssr2"/> there was an early state-sponsored effort to promote manufacture. In 1794 the government supported two factories: a textile factory that was transferred from the town of Dubrovny [[Mogilev Governorate]] and a silk-stockings factory that was brought from the village of Kupavna near Moscow. In 1797 the textile factory employed 819 permanent workers, 378 of whom were women and 115 children. The silk stocking workers, the majority being women, were serfs bought at an auction for 16,000 roubles. Conditions, as Potemkin himself was forced to admit, were harsh, with many of the workers dying from malnutrition and exhaustion.<ref name="ukrssr2"/>

From 1797 to 1802, while serving under the Emperor [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] as the administrative centre of a centre of the [[Novorossiya Governorate#Second establishment|Novorossiya Governorate]], the settlement was officially known as ''Novorossiysk.''<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/><ref name="ukrssr2"/>

Despite the bridging of the Dnieper in 1796, commerce was slow to develop. 1832 saw the establishment of the small Zaslavsky iron-casting factory, the town's first metallurgical enterprise.<ref name="ukrssr2"/> Industrialisation gathered apace in the 1880s with the establishment of the first railway connections.<ref name="ukrainetrek">{{cite web |url=http://ukrainetrek.com/Dnepropetrovsk_city.shtml |title=Ukrainetrek Dnepropetrovsk (City) |publisher=Ukrainetrek.com |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> Rail construction responded to the enterprise of two men: [[John Hughes (businessman)|John Hughes]], a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] businessman who built an iron works at [[Donetsk|Yuzovka]] in 1869–72, and developed the Donbas coal deposits;<ref name="eugene" /> and the Russian geologist [[Alexander Pol]], who in 1866 had discovered the [[Kryvyi Rih|Krivoy Rog]] iron ore basin, [[Krivbass]], during archaeological research.<ref name="eugene" />

In 1884, a railway to supply [[pig iron]] foundries in Krivoy Rog with Donbass coal crossed the Dnieper at Yekaterinoslav.<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka">{{cite web |title=Historical reference|url=https://adm.dp.gov.ua/pro-oblast/dnipropetrovshina/istorichna-dovidka|website=[[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] official website|date=31 July 2020|access-date=16 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> It proved a spur to further industrial development<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/> and to the creation of the new suburbs of [[Nyzhniodniprovskyi District|Amur and Nyzhniodniprovsk]].

In 1897, Yekaterinoslav became the third city in the Russian Empire to have electric trams. The ''Yekaterinoslav Higher Mining School'', today's [[Dnipro Polytechnic]], was founded in 1899.<ref name="hello">[http://www.nmu.org.ua/en/now/rector_greeting/ Message of Greeting from Rector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105222654/http://www.nmu.org.ua/en/now/rector_greeting/|date=5 January 2009}}, University official website</ref> Within twenty years the population had more than tripled, reaching 157,000 in 1904.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Surh |first=Gerald |date=2003 |title=Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27672887 |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |issue=64 |pages=(139–166). 140 |jstor=27672887 |issn=0147-5479}}</ref> The immigrants flowing into the city were mainly [[Russians in Ukraine|ethnic or cultural Russians]] and [[Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], with the [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainian population]] remaining rural in [[Second Industrial Revolution|this stage]] of the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="Boterbloem0773571736">{{Cite book |last1=Boterbloem |first1=Kees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nda8n7s8o3oC&dq=Ekaterinoslav+industrial&pg=PA12 |title=Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896–1948 |date=2004 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=0773571736 |page= |language=en}}</ref>

==== The Jewish community and the 1905 pogrom ====
{{See also|1905 Russian Revolution}}
From 1792 Yekaterinoslav was within the [[Pale of Settlement]], the former Polish-Lithuanian territories in which Catherine and her successors enforced no limitation on the movement and residency of their Jewish subjects.<ref>Taylor, Philip S., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAFO9dJEFIsC&dq=Yekaterinoslav+1815&pg=PA2 Anton Rubinstein: A Life in Music]'', Indianapolis, 2007</ref> Within less than a century, a largely [[Yiddish]]-speaking Jewish community of 40,000 constituted more than a third of the city's population, and contributed a considerable share of its business capital and industrial workforce.<ref name="1107014220Riga">{{Cite book |last1=Riga |first1=Liliana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQcHmuuEK5sC&dq=Ekaterinoslav+industrial&pg=PA139 |title=The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107014220 |page=139 |language=en}}</ref>

Such apparent strength did not protect the community—members of whom had had the unpopular task of collecting government taxes and recruiting young men for the army<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Goldbrot |first=I. |date=1972 |title=The Jews in Ekaterinoslav–Dniepropetrovsk (Pages 21–40) |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ekaterinoslav/eka021.html |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref>— from communal violence.<ref name="Yekaterinoslav+Jews+Pogrom">{{Cite book |last1=Klier |first1=John Doyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3D7CmSOMfIC&dq=Yekaterinoslav+Jews+Pogroms&pg=PA41 |title=Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History |last2=Lambroza |first2=Shlomo |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52851-1 |page=41 |language=en}}</ref> In 1883, three days of rioting destroyed Jewish business, and persuaded many to temporarily leave the city. There was a return of anti–Semitic incitement among the Christian public in 1904, but attacks on community were, at that time, suppressed on the order of a liberal governor.<ref name=":6" />

In the widespread social unrest that followed the 1905 defeat in the [[Russo-Japanese War]], the political life of the city was dominated by the revolutionary opposition (including the Jewish Workers Socialist Party and the [[General Jewish Labour Bund|Bund]])<ref name=":6" /> and by the insurrectionary spirit of the nascent labor movement. The local [[Tsarist autocracy|czarist authorities]] were able to ride out the wave political protests and strikes, in part by playing on division between Jewish workers who predominated as clerks and artisans in the city, and Russian workers employed in the large suburban factories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Surh |first=Gerald |date=2003 |title=Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27672887 |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |issue=64 |pages=139–166 |jstor=27672887 |issn=0147-5479}}</ref> There was a wave of anti-Semitic attacks. With the army intervening against Jewish defense groups, about 100 Jews were killed and two hundred wounded.<ref name=":6" />

According to local historian [[Andrii Portnov]], 40% of the local Yekaterinoslav population was Jewish in the years leading up to [[World War I]].<ref name="ukrainianweek109391">{{in lang|uk}} [https://tyzhden.ua/Society/109391 Dnipropetrovsk region. Pragmatic area], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (8 May 2014)</ref>

===The Soviet era===
{{See also|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}

==== War and revolution ====
{{See also|Ukrainian War of Independence}}
[[File:Dnipropetrovs'k S.Nigoyana 47 Bronepotyag (YDS 5850).jpg|thumb|Monument in Dnipro of an [[armored train]] that was built by the workers of [[Dniprovsky Metallurgical Plant|Yekaterinoslav's Bryansk plant]] in 1918, which was employed by the [[Red Army]] in its conquest of Ukraine and the [[Volga]] region.]]
Directly following the Russian [[February Revolution]], in the night of 3 March [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S]] (16 March [[Gregorian calendar#Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates|N.S]]) to 4 March 1917 a provisional government was organised in Yekaterinoslav headed by the (since 1913) chairman of the provincial land administration {{ill|Konstantin von Hesberg|uk|Гесберг Костянтин Дмитрович}}.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80">{{cite web |author=I. S. Storazhenko|title=The city of Katerinoslav in 1917–1920|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=80|website=gorod.dp.ua|date=2001|access-date=26 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> Also on 4 March a Council of Workers' Deputies was formed.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> On 6 March the [[Prime minister of Russia|prime minister]] of the [[Russian Provisional Government]] [[Georgy Lvov]] removed the governor and the vice-governor of [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]], temporarily handing these powers to Hesberg.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> On 9 March a Yekaterinoslav Council of Workers and Soldiers deputies was formed.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

On 16 May the Council of Workers' Deputies and the Council of Workers and Soldiers merged, to become named the Revolutionary Council in November 1917.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> All these power structures existed in duality, with Hesberg's provisional government often being at a disadvantage.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> In 1917 the city saw numerous meetings, rallies, meetings, conferences, congresses and demonstrations by political parties all over the political spectrum.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> Due to intense political agitation the newly formed factory committees and professional unions by autumn of 1917 mainly supported the [[Bolshevik]]s, significantly strengthening their positions.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

In June 1917 a Central Council ([[Tsentralna Rada]]) of Ukrainian parties in [[Kyiv]] declared Yekaterinoslav to be within the territory of the autonomous [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] (UPR).<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/> On 13 August 1917 the first democratic Yekaterinoslav 120 seats [[city Duma]] election took place.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> The Bolsheviks gained 24 seats and the [[Mensheviks]] 16, with pro-Ukrainian parties picking up 6 seats.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> {{ill|Vasyl Osipov|uk|Осипов Василь Іванович}} was elected Mayor of the city.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> Osipov was Mayor until the dissolution of the city Duma in May 1918.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> On 10 November 1917 a parade of Ukrainian troops was held, organized by the Yekaterinoslav Ukrainian Military Council in support of the [[Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council]], the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic.<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/>

In the November 1917 elections to the [[Russian Constituent Assembly]], the Bolsheviks secured just under 18 per cent of the [[Yekaterinoslav electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917)|vote in the Governorate]], compared to 46 per cent for the [[Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party|Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries]] and their allies.<ref name="Radkey1989-161-163">{{cite book |author=Oliver Henry Radkey |url=https://archive.org/details/russiagoestopoll00radk |title=Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8014-2360-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/russiagoestopoll00radk/page/161 161]–163 |url-access=registration}}</ref> On 22 November 1917 the Revolutionary Council and the city Duma pledged their allegiance to the Tsentralna Rada.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> The Bolsheviks then left these organisations.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/> During December, the situation in the city worsened with both sides preparing for military action.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

On 26 December, the Bolsheviks defied an ultimatum from the Tsentralna Rada and after three days of fighting consolidated their control of the city.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80" /> On 12 February they declared Yekaterinoslav part of a [[Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic|Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]], but the following month, under the terms of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], conceded the territory to the [[German Empire|German]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]]-allied UPR.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mawdsley |first1=Evan |url=https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan |title=The Russian Civil War |publisher=Pegasus Books |year=2007 |isbn=9781933648156 |page=35 |ref=Mawdsley2007 |author-link=Evan Mawdsley |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka" /> On 5 April 1918 the [[Imperial German army]] entered the city. Five hundred remaining Bolshevik [[Red Guards (Russia)|Red Guards]] were publicly executed.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80" />
[[File:Military parade in Yekaterinoslav (8610324703).jpg|thumb|250px|A German military parade in Yekaterinoslav in spring 1918.]]
The formal tenure of the UPR was brief: on 29 April 1918 intervention by the [[Central Powers]] saw the UPR replaced by the more pliant [[Ukrainian State]] or [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]]. On 18 May 1918 the [[Hetman]] of the Ukrainian State, [[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]], ordered the previously nationalized enterprises returned to their former owners, and with the assistance of Austro-Hungarian troops the new authorities suppressed labor protest.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80"/>

On 23 December 1918, following their defeat by the Western Allies and after four days of insurgency within the city, German and Austro-Hungarian occupation forces withdrew. Four days later, Yekaterinoslav was stormed by the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|anarchist Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]] (the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|''Makhnovshchina'']]), putting to flight forces loyal to the UPR's new [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]]. Over the course of the following year, city was to change hands several more times, contested between the UPR, the Whites ([[Armed Forces of South Russia]]), [[Nykyfor Hryhoriv]]'s peasant insurgents, [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|''Makhnovshchina'']] (who returned twice),<ref name="EprzrAhVqMewKHXLQ">{{Cite book |last1=Skirda |first1=Alexandre |title=Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921 |date=2004 |publisher=AK Press |isbn=1-902593-68-5 |location=Oakland, CA |language=en |translator-last1=Sharkey |translator-first1=Paul |oclc=60602979}} (page 77)</ref> and the Bolsheviks, who reorganised as the Red Army, finally secured the city on 30 December 1919.<ref name="Storazhenkoarticle80" />{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=213|2a1=Skirda|2y=2004|2pp=77–78}}{{Sfn|Skirda|2004|p=77}}

The city had been extensively damaged and the population, which had stood at about 268,000 people in 1917, had dropped to under 190,000.<ref name="article85Storazhenko">{{cite web |author=I. S. Storazhenko|title=Dnipropetrovsk in the 1920s and 1930s|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=85|website=gorod.dp.ua|date=2001|access-date=2 November 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

==== Stalin-era industrialisation ====
[[File:Katerinoslav1922.jpg|thumb|The boy on the left murdered an 8-year-old for his 4 pounds of bread in Yekaterinoslav in 1922, during the [[1921–1923 famine in Ukraine|local 1921–1923 famine]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Roman Serb|title=Photos about Ukrainian Hunger 1921–1923|url=http://ukrlife.org/main/evshan/famine.htm|website=Ukrainian life in Sevastopol|access-date=2 November 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>]]
In late May 1920 the food supply to Yekaterinoslav deteriorated, resulting in a wave of strikes.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In June 1920 Soviet authorities quelled one such protest by arresting 200 railway workers, of which 51 were sentenced to immediate execution.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/>

In 1922 the region was incorporated into the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], a constituent republic of the [[Soviet Union]]. In 1922 the [[Soviet government]] ordered that "all nationalized enterprises with names related to the Company or the Surname of the old owners must be renamed in memory of [[Russian Revolution|revolutionary events]], in memory of [[Political international|the international]], [[all-Russian]] or local leaders of the [[proletarian revolution]]."<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/> In 1922 and 1923 the factories were renamed, as well as dozens of streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks.<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/> In 1923 the city council adopted a resolution to organize a competition to rename the city itself.<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/>

In 1924 a Provincial [[Congress of Soviets]] adopted a resolution on renaming the city of Yekaterinoslav to the city of Krasnodniprovsk (and [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]] to Krasnodniprovsk). Following this, many organizations and institutions began to name Yekaterinoslav Krasnodniprovsk in official documents, only to be reminded in the press that the renaming of settlements could only be decided by the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/> In 1926 a provisional District [[Congress of Soviets|Congress of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies]] adopted a resolution on renaming Yekaterinoslav to the name Dnipropetrovsk in honour of the [[All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets]]'s chairman of the [[All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee]], [[Grigory Petrovsky]].<ref name="Petrovsky">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8380433.stm Ukraine tears down controversial statue], by Rostyslav Khotin, [[BBC News]] (27 November 2009)<br />[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-349100.html Same article on UNIAN.]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=leloAAAAMAAJ&q=The+city+was+renamed+Dnepropetrovsk+in+1926, The Kravchenko Case: One Man's War Against Stalin] by Gary Kern, Enigma Books, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-929631-73-5}}, page 191</ref><ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/>

Petrovsky was present at this congress and he did "accept this honour with great gratitude."<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/> The resolution of the congress was approved by a resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet dated 20 July 1926.<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/> In the [[1920s]] and [[1930s]] dozens of streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks [[Sovietization|continued to be renamed]] in the city, this continued in the [[1940s]] and in subsequent years.<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova"/>
[[File:Зимовий театр.jpg|thumb|[[Dnipro Academic Drama and Comedy Theatre]] was constructed during the Stalinist period.]]
By 1927 the industry of Dnipropetrovsk was completely rebuilt, and according to some indicators exceeded pre-war levels.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> Due to agrarian overpopulation, an influx of unemployed from other settlements, a higher birth rates among other reasons, both employment and unemployment in Dnipropetrovsk rose.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In the late twenties, the authorities had to contend with growing labour unrest. "Do not strangle us, our children are dying of hunger, we have been placed in worse conditions than under the old regime" read one protest.<ref>{{Cite book |last=A |first=Erdogan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkNtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA251 |title=Transcripts from the Soviet Archives Volume VII 1927 |publisher=Erdogan A |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-329-49087-1 |pages=251 |language=en}}</ref>

The city figured prominently in [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s [[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union|Five-Year Plans]] for industrialisation. In 1932, Dnipropetrovsk's regional metallurgical plants produced 20 per cent of the entire cast iron and 25 per cent of the steel manufactured in the Ukrainian SSR. By the end of the thirties the Dnipropetrovsk region became the most urbanised of Soviet Ukraine with more than 2,273,000 people living in the region and over half a million in the city proper. Dnipropetrovsk became an important cultural and educational centre with ten colleges and a State University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sergei |first=Zhuk |date=21 January 2022 |title=Communist Party Politics, Rockets and Komsomol Business in Soviet Dnipropetrovsk |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/01/21/communist-party-politics-rockets-and-komsomol-business-in-soviet-dnipropetrovsk/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref>

The surrounding countryside was devastated by the policy of [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|forced collectivisation]] and grain seizures. Peasants had died en masse during the [[Holodomor]] of 1932–33.<ref>Boriak, Hennadii. 2009. ''Sources for the Study of the 'Great Famine' in Ukraine''. Cambridge, MA.</ref> [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] in the years 1932–33 lost 3.5 to 9.8&nbsp;million people,<ref name="Kocherhinarticle1374">{{cite web |author=Ihor Kocherhin|title=Famine 1932–1933 in Dnipropetrovshchyna|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=1374|website=gorod.dp.ua|access-date=2 November 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> making it one of the most affected areas of the famine.<ref name="Kocherhinarticle1374"/>

Drawn by employment in the expanding heavy industry, the survivors changed the ethnic composition of the city. The percentage of residents recorded as Ukrainian rose from 36 per cent of the population in 1926 to 54.6 per cent in 1939. The Russian percentage fell from 31.6 to 23.4, and the Jewish share fell from 26.8 to 17.9.<ref name="census1926" /><ref name=":1" /> The city's population during the [[Interwar period]] grew rapidly. 368,000 people lived in Dnipropetrovsk in 1932. In the [[Soviet Census (1939)|1939 Soviet Census]], this number had grown to more than half a million (500,662 people).<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/>

Soviet [[Ukrainization]] and [[Korenizatsiya]] were implemented in Dnipropetrovsk.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> The [[Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)|Communist party of Ukraine]] organized special courses in Ukrainian studies.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> Soviet authorities greatly increased the number of schools, and by the mid-[[1930s]] had eradicate illiteracy in the city.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> New universities were opened.<ref name="article225DniArch">{{cite web |title=Historical and urban development reference Dnipropetrovsk|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=225|website=gorod.dp.ua|access-date=2 November 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> At the end of the 1930s Dnipropetrovsk had 10 higher and 19 special educational institutions.<ref name="article225DniArch"/> In the 1930s a significant number of new secondary schools and hospitals were built in the city, and city parks were improved.<ref name="article225DniArch"/>

The [[Great Purge]], following the [[Assassination of Sergei Kirov]], also reached Dnipropetrovsk.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In 1935 the Dnipropetrovsk [[NKVD]] arrested 182 "[[Trotskyists]]".<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In 1935, 235 alleged "internal enemies" were executed, including a few university rectors.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In 1936, 526 people were executed.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/> In 1937, the regional administration of the NKVD killed 16,421 people.<ref name="article85Storazhenko"/>

==== Nazi occupation ====
[[File:Monument of 20000 Jews shot by Germans in 1943 in Dnipropetrovsk -Energetichna street-, Ukraine -10-.jpg|thumb|Monument to 20,000 [[Holocaust by Bullets|Jews shot by Germans]] in 1943 in Dnipropetrovsk. The [[monumental inscription]] (in Russian) does not explicitly identify the victims as Jewish, but speaks of "20,000 civilians."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2009 |title=Monument of 20000 Jews shot by Germans in 1943 in Dnipropetrovsk [Energetichna street], Ukraine |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_of_20000_Jews_shot_by_Germans_in_1943_in_Dnipropetrovsk_-Energetichna_street-,_Ukraine_-9-.jpg|access-date=18 October 2022|website=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref>]]
Dnipropetrovsk was under [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] occupation from [[Operation Barbarossa|26 August 1941]]<ref name="musicandhistory">{{cite web |url=http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/202-1941.html |title=1941 |website=MusicAndHistory |access-date=31 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828144212/http://www.musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/202-1941.html |archive-date=28 August 2012}}</ref> to [[Battle of the Dnieper|25 October 1943]].<ref name="liberation">{{cite web |url=http://www.onwar.com/chrono/1943/oct1943/f25oct43.htm |title=''Onwar.com'', ''Red Army crosses Dniepr River'' |publisher=Onwar.com |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126173108/http://onwar.com/chrono/1943/oct1943/f25oct43.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city was administered as part of the ''[[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]].'' The [[Holocaust]] [[The Holocaust in Ukraine|in Dnipropetrovsk]] reduced the city's remaining Jewish population, estimates for which range from 55,000 to 30,000, to just 702.{{sfn|Hilberg|1985|p=372}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harkavi |first=Zvi |date=1973 |title=Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine (Pages 89–104,107–110) |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ekaterinoslav/eka089.html |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref> In just two days, 13–14 October 1941, the Germans killed 15,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holocaust |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CO%5CHolocaust.htm |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref>

Germany operated three [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camps]] in the city, chiefly Stalag 348 with several subcamps in the region from October 1941 to February 1943, after its relocation from [[Rzeszów]] in German-occupied Poland,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorial to the deceased prisoners of war of the Stammlager 348 and patients of the Psychiatric Hospital "Igren" |url=https://terraoblita.com/en/places/50 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=terraoblita.com |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927230522/https://terraoblita.com/en/places/50 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at which the occupiers are estimated to have killed upwards of 30,000 Soviet POWs,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorial Executed Prisoners of War - Dnipropetrovsk - TracesOfWar.com |url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/67243/Memorial-Executed-Prisoners-of-War.htm |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.tracesofwar.com |language=en}}</ref> and briefly also the Stalag 310 and Stalag 387 camps.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=298, 349, 384|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref>

In November 1941 Dnipropetrovsk's population was 233,000. In March 1942 this number had fallen to 178,000.<ref name="article225DniArch"/> On 25 October 1943 the population on the right-bank of the city numbered no more than 5,000.<ref name="article225DniArch"/> According to official statistics, in 1945 the population of Dnipropetrovsk had increased to 259,000 people.<ref name="article225DniArch"/>

==== Post-war closed city ====
[[File:Парк ракет. Дніпропетровськ.JPG|thumb|A [[Yuzhmash]] produced [[Tsyklon-3]] rocket, flanked by an [[RT-20P]] and [[R-11 Zemlya]] on display in Dnipro's "Rocket Park".]]
As early as July 1944, the State Committee of Defence in Moscow decided to build a large military machine-building factory in Dnipropetrovsk on the location of the pre-war aircraft plant. In December 1945, thousands of German [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] began construction and built the first sections and shops in the new factory. This was the foundation of the Dnipropetrovsk Automobile Factory. In 1954 the administration of this automobile factory opened a secret design office, designated [[OKB-586]], to construct military [[missile]]s and rocket engines.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Christopher |date=28 October 2017 |title=Inside 'Satan's' Lair: The Lock-Tight Ukrainian Rocket Plant At Center Of Tech-Leak Scandal |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-yuzhmash-north-korea-rocket-technology-report/28821134.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref>

The high-security project was joined by hundreds of physicists, engineers and machine designers from Moscow and other large Soviet cities. In 1965, the secret Plant No. 586 was transferred to the USSR [[Ministry of General Machine Building|Ministry of General Machine-Building]] which renamed it "the Southern Machine-building Factory" (Yuzhnyi mashino-stroitel'nyi zavod) or in abbreviated Russian, simply [[Yuzhmash]]. Yuzhmash became a significant factor in the arms race of the Cold War ([[Nikita Khrushchev]] boasted in 1960 that it was producing rockets "like sausages" ).<ref name="auto"/>

In 1959, Dnipropetrovsk was officially closed to foreign visitors.<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2022">{{cite book |author1=Neringa Klumbyte |author2=Gulnaz Sharafutdinova |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC&dq=closed+city+1959+Dnipropetrovsk&pg=PA68 |year=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7584-2 |page=68}}</ref> No foreign citizen, even of a socialist state, was allowed to visit the city or district. Its citizens were held by Communist authorities to a higher standard of ideological purity than the rest of the population, and their freedom of movement was severely restricted. It was not until 1987, during [[perestroika]], that Dnipropetrovsk was opened to international visitors and civil restrictions were lifted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2014 |title=Life and Death in Five Former Secret Soviet Cities |url=https://balkanist.net/life-and-death-in-the-user-former-secret-cities/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Balkanist |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Portnov |first=Andrii |author-link=Andrii Portnov |date=2022 |title=Dnipro: An Entangled History of a European City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9WgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT293 |series=Ukrainian Studies |location=Boston |publisher=Academic Studies Press |isbn=979-88-8719031-0 |doi=10.1515/9798887190327-008 |page=312}}</ref>

The population of Dnipropetrovsk increased from 259,000 people in 1945 to 845,200 in 1965.<ref name="article225DniArch"/>

Notwithstanding the high-security regime, in September and October 1972, workers downed tools in several factories in Dnipropetrovsk demanding higher wages, better food and living conditions, and the right to choose one's job.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krawchenko |first=Bohdan |date=1993 |title=Strike |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStrike.htm |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref> Labour militancy returned in the late 1980s, a period in which promises of [[Perestroika|Perestrioka]] and [[Glasnost]] raised popular expectations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teague |first=Elizabeth |date=1990 |title=Perestroika and the Soviet Worker |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44482502 |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=191–211 |doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1990.tb00755.x |issn=0017-257X |jstor=44482502 |s2cid=140457991|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1990 two thousand inmates rioted in the women's remand prison in a further of sign of growing unrest.<ref name="NYT20Jun1990">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3DD173EF933A15755C0A966958260 ''New York Times'', 20 June 1990 ''Evolution in Europe; Soviet Troops Kill an Inmate During Riot in Ukrainian Jail''] This stated that TASS had issued a statement saying that there had been a riot by 2,000 inmates in a prison in Dnipropetrovsk. The riot broke out on Thursday 14 June 1990, and was quelled by Soviet troops on Friday 15 June 1990, killing one prisoner and wounding another.</ref>

==== Dissent and youth rebellion ====
[[File:Gorny 1972.jpg|thumb|Dnipropetrovsk's [[Dnipro Polytechnic|Mining Institute]], 1972.]]
In 1959 17.4% of Dnipropetrovsk students were taught in Ukrainian language schools and 82.6% in Russian language schools. 58% of the city's inhabitants self-identified as Ukrainians.<ref name="2019standardlevel"/> Compared with the other 3 biggest [[cities of Ukraine]] Dnipropetrovsk had a rather large share of education conducted in Ukrainian. In [[Kyiv]] 26.8% of pupils studied in Ukrainian and 73.1% in Russian while 66% of Kyiv residents considered themselves Ukrainian, in [[Kharkiv]] these numbers were 4.9%, 95.1% and 49%. In [[Odesa]] these numbers were 8.1%, 91.9% and 40%.<ref name="2019standardlevel">{{in lang|uk}} [https://uahistory.co/pidruchniki/strykevich-ukraine-history-11-class-2019-standard-level/12.php History of Ukraine. Standard level. Grade 11. Strukevich § 9. The state of culture during the period of de-Stalinization], History | Your library (2009–2022)</ref>{{#tag:ref|At the start of the 2018–2019 academic year, there were 31 Russian-speaking secondary schools left in the whole of [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]].<ref name="babelua37188"/> At the time the conversion of these 31 schools to Ukrainian language education was planned to be completed by 2023.<ref name="babelua37188">{{in lang|uk}} [https://babel.ua/news/37188-v-ukrajini-mayzhe-200-rosiyskomovnih-serednih-shkil-do-2023-roku-jih-mayut-perevesti-na-ukrajinsku-movu-vikladannya There are almost 200 Russian-speaking secondary schools in Ukraine. By 2023, they should be translated into the Ukrainian language of instruction], {{ill|Babel.ua|uk|Бабель (інтернет-видання)}} (22 October 2019)</ref>|group=nb}}

As in the overall [[Ukrainian SSR]], Dnipropetrovsk saw an influx of young immigrants from rural Ukraine.<ref name="Krawchenko9780333442845"/> [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] saw the highest inflow of rural youth of all Ukraine.<ref name="Krawchenko9780333442845">{{Cite book|last=Krawchenko|first=Bohdan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVSwCwAAQBAJ&dq=highest+1960+Dnipropetrovsk&pg=PA186|title=Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine|date=1985|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-333-44284-5|location=London|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-09548-3|page=186}}</ref>

According to [[KGB]] reports, in the 1960s "[[Samizdat]]" and [[Ukrainian diaspora]] publications began to circulate via [[Western Ukraine]] in Dnipropetrovsk. These fed into underground student circles where they promoted interest in the "[[Sixtiers#Ukrainian Sixtiers|Ukrainian Sixtiers]]", in [[Ukrainian history]], especially of [[Ukrainian Cossack]]s, and in the revival of the [[Ukrainian language]]. Occasionally the [[Flag of Ukraine|blue and yellow flag]] of independent Ukraine was unfurled in protest.<ref name="9781440835032Kuzio2">{{Cite book |last1=Kuzio |first1=Taras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqXACQAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&pg=PA34 |title=Ukraine: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism |date=23 June 2015 |isbn=9781440835032 |page=34|publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> The authorities responded with repression: arresting and jailing members of underground discussion groups for "nationalistic propaganda".<ref name="22Kamusella">{{Cite book |last1=Kamusella |first1=Tomasz |title=[[Nationalisms Across the Globe]] (volume 1) |date=2009 |isbn=978-3-03911-883-0 |page=237|publisher=Peter Lang }}</ref>

The growing evidence of dissent in the city coincided from the late 1960s with what the KGB referred to as "radio hooliganism". Thousands of high-school and college students had become [[ham radio]] enthusiasts, recording and rebroadcasting [[Pop music in Ukraine|western popular music]]. Annual KGB reports regularly drew a connection between enthusiasm for western pop culture and anti-Soviet behaviour.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klumbytė |first1=Neringa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985 |last2=Sharafutdinova |first2=Gulnaz |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-7583-5 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> In the 1980s, by which time the KGB had conceded that their raids against "hippies" had failed suppress the youth rebellion,<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2022B22">{{cite book |author1=Neringa Klumbyte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC&dq=closed+city+1959+Dnipropetrovsk&pg=PA68 |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985 |author2=Gulnaz Sharafutdinova |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7391-7584-2 |page=70/71}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In one of these cases in 1979, because the [[Jews in Ukraine|local Dnipropetrovsk perpetrator was Jewish]], a KGB report linked [[Ukrainian nationalism]] with Jewish [[Zionism]] "by promoting [[dance music]]".<ref name=Bloom97815013453642/> In this case the (according to the KGB employee "American") band the [[Bee Gees]].<ref name="Bloom97815013453642" />|group=nb}} such behaviour was reportedly found in an admixture of Anglo-American" [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[punk rock]] and [[Banderite|Banderism]]—the veneration of [[Stepan Bandera]], and of other Ukrainian nationalists, who in the Soviet narrative were denounced and discredited as [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|Nazi]] collaborators.<ref name="Zhuk978103208012322">{{Cite book |last=Zhuk |first=Sergei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYdjEAAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&pg=PT183 |title=KGB Operations against the USA and Canada in Soviet Ukraine, 1953–1991 |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781032080123 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref>

In an attempt to provide Dnipropetrovsk youth with an ideologically safe alternative, beginning in 1976 the local [[Komsomol]] set up approved [[discoteque|discotheque]]s. Some of the activists involved in this "disco movement" went on in the 1980s to engage in their own illicit tourist and music enterprises, and several later became influential figures in Ukrainian national politics, among them [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], [[Victor Pinchuk]], [[Serhiy Tihipko]], [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]] and [[Oleksandr Turchynov]].<ref name="Bloom97815013453642">[https://books.google.com/books?id=avjCDwAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&pg=PA318 The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music and Social Class], ed. Ian Peddie, New York / London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020, {{ISBN|9781501345364}}, page 318 + 319</ref>

==== The "Dnipropetrovsk Mafia" ====
Reflecting Dnipropetrovsk's special strategic importance for the entire Soviet Union, party [[Cadre (politics)|cadres]] from the "rocket city" played an outsized role not only in republican leadership in Kyiv, but also in the Union leadership in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klumbytė |first1=Neringa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC&pg=PA68 |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985 |last2=Sharafutdinova |first2=Gulnaz |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-7583-5 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref> During Stalin's [[Great Purge]], [[Leonid Brezhnev]] rose rapidly within the ranks of the local ''[[nomenklatura]],''<ref name=":2">{{cite book | last1=Bacon | first1=Edwin | last2=Sandle | first2=Mark | title=Brezhnev reconsidered | publication-place=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire | date=2002 | isbn=0-333-79463-X | oclc=49894618 | language=br}}</ref> from director of the [[Dnipropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute]] in 1936 to regional (Obkom) Party Secretary in charge of the city's defence industries in 1939.<ref>{{cite book | last=McCauley | first=Martin | title=Who's who in Russia since 1900 | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=London | date=1997 | isbn=0-203-13782-5 | oclc=51666665}}</ref>

Here, he took the first steps toward building a network of supporters which came to be known as the "[[Dnipropetrovsk Mafia]]". They spearheaded the internal party coup that in 1964 saw Brezhnev replace [[Nikita Khrushchev]] as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] and call a halt to further reform.<ref name=":2" />

===Independent Ukraine===
In a [[1991 Ukrainian independence referendum|national referendum]] on 1 December 1991, 90.36% of Dnipropetrovsk's voters approved the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|declaration of independence]] that had been made by the [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian parliament]] on 24 August.<ref name="Dnipropetrovsk's voters 1991 referendum">{{cite book |editor1-first=Andreas |editor1-last=Klinke |editor2-first=Ortwin |editor2-last=Renn |editor3-first=Jean-Paul |editor3-last=Lehners|title=Ethnic Conflicts and Civil Society: Proposals for a New Era in Eastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMVKDwAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+1990%27s+%22Ukrainian+language%22&pg=PT122|year=2020 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781138935525}}</ref> Amidst the economic dislocation and soaring inflation that accompanied the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], output declined.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2014/03/ukraine-and-russia Why is Ukraine's economy in such a mess?], [[The Economist]] (5 Mar 2014)</ref> Although its economic contraction was at a rate below the national average,<ref name="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast less 1990's economical decline">{{cite book |author=[[Adam Swain]]|title=Re-Constructing the Post-Soviet Industrial Region: The Donbas in Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIh_AgAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+1990%27s+industry&pg=PT37|year=2012 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415511193}}</ref> the Dnipropetrovsk city and oblast witnessed one of the [[Demographics of Ukraine#Population decline|largest population declines]] of all the [[regions of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Thilo |editor1-last=Lang |editor2-first=Sebastian |editor2-last=Henn |editor3-first=Kornelia |editor3-last=Ehrlich |editor4-first=Wladimir |editor4-last=Sgibnev|title=Understanding Geographies of Polarization and Peripheralization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01veCgAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+demographic&pg=PT309|year=2015 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1137415073}}</ref> By 2021, the city's population, which had stood at over 1.2&nbsp;million in 1991, had been reduced to 981,000.<ref name=":5" /> Young people from Dnipropetrovsk were among the millions of Ukrainians who left the country to find work and opportunity abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Losing Brains and Brawn: Outmigration from Ukraine {{!}} Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/losing-brains-and-brawn-outmigration-ukraine-0 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |date=14 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The continuation into the new century of the chaotic fallout from the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]] was symbolized for many in Dnipropetrovsk by two violent episodes. In June and July 2007, Dnipropetrovsk experienced a wave of random video-recorded [[serial killer|serial killings]] that were dubbed by the media as the work of the "[[Dnepropetrovsk maniacs|Dnipropetrovsk maniacs]]".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://casefilepodcast.com/case-92-dnepropetrovsk-maniacs/ |title=Case 92: Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs – Casefile: True Crime Podcast |date=11 August 2018 |work=Casefile: True Crime Podcast |access-date=2018-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2009, three youths were sentenced for their part in 21 murders, and numerous other attacks and robberies.<ref name="sentence">{{cite news |url=http://www.new-most.info/news/crime/10500.htm |title=Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs: Court delivers its verdicts |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212122119/http://most-dnepr.info/news/crime/10500.htm |archive-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> On 27 April 2012, four bombs [[2012 Dnipropetrovsk explosions|exploded]] near four tram stations in Dnipropetrovsk, injuring 27 people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2012 |title=Bombs wound 27 in Ukrainian city |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-blasts-idUKBRE83Q0FU20120427 |access-date=2022-08-08}}</ref> No one was convicted. Opposition politicians claimed to see the hand of President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] intent on disrupting the October [[2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election]] and installing a presidential regime.<ref name="EJ">[http://eastjournal.net/2012/04/29/ucraina-bombe-a-dnipropetrovsk-attentato-terroristico-o-servizio-segreto/ East Journal], 29 April 2012 {{in lang|it}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/dnipropetrovsk-bombers-wanted-to-frustrate-euro-2012-in-ukraine-says-sbu-314706.html Dnipropetrovsk bombers wanted to frustrate Euro 2012 in Ukraine, says SBU], [[Kyiv Post]] (20 October 2012)</ref>

==== Euromaidan ====
[[File:Площа, пам. Леніну 22 лютого.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Lenin]] Square in Dnipropetrovsk on 22 February 2014 with the [[Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine|demolished monuments to Vladimir Lenin]].]]
On 26 January 2014, 3,000 anti-[[Viktor Yanukovych]] (Ukrainian President) and pro-[[Euromaidan]] activists attempted but failed to capture the [[Local government in Ukraine|Regional State Administration]] building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dp.vgorode.ua/news/208247-v-dnepropetrovske-bolshe-trekh-tysiach-chelovek-sobralys-vozle-oha |title=В Днепропетровске больше трех тысяч человек собрались возле ОГА – Днепропетровск |publisher=Dp.vgorode.ua |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="BBCoRSA26114">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25905031 Ukraine protests 'spread' into Russia-influenced east], [[BBC News]] (26 January 2014)</ref><ref name=kp426>{{cite news |title=EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine (Jan. 24–27 live updates) |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-jan-24-live-updates-335518.html |newspaper=Kyiv Post |date=26 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=delo1>{{cite news |title=Восток и Юг Украины вышел пикетировать ОГА: в Запорожье стреляют в митингующих, а в Сумах просят подмоги (обновлено 2.34) |url=http://delo.ua/ukraine/vostok-i-jug-ukrainy-vyshel-piketirovat-oga-obnovljaetsja-225489/ |newspaper=Delo UA |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019045421/https://delo.ua/ukraine/vostok-i-jug-ukrainy-vyshel-piketirovat-oga-obnovljaetsja-225489/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://delo.ua/ukraine/protiv-mitingujuschih-v-centre-dnepropetrovska-nachali-primenjat-225486/?supdated_new=1390812619 |title=Майдан в Днепропетровске: стычки с титушками и ультиматум губернатору |publisher=Delo.ua |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202192519/http://delo.ua/ukraine/protiv-mitingujuschih-v-centre-dnepropetrovska-nachali-primenjat-225486/?supdated_new=1390812619 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There were street disturbances<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dp.vgorode.ua/news/208264-besporiadky-v-dnepropetrovske-raneny-chetyre-cheloveka-sem-zaderzhany |title=Беспорядки в Днепропетровске, ранены четыре человека, семь задержаны – Днепропетровск |publisher=Dp.vgorode.ua |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> and Euromaidan protesters were reported to be beaten up by paid pro-Yanukovych supporters (the so-called ''[[Titushky]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dp.vgorode.ua/news/208309-vydeo-kak-tytushky-yzbyvauit-luidei-vozle-dnepr-areny |title=Видео как "Титушки" избивают людей возле "Днепр-Арены" – Днепропетровск |publisher=Dp.vgorode.ua |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.liga.net/video/politics/968200-dnepropetovsk_titushki_ryadom_s_militsiey_pered_atakoy_na_maydan.htm |title=Днепропетровск: титушки и милиция против местного Майдана |publisher=News.liga.net |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> Dnipropetrovsk Governor Kolesnikov called them "extreme radical thugs from other regions".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnepr.comments.ua/news/2014/01/26/223635.html |title=Колесников не увидел "титушек" возле здания Днепропетровской ОГА – Днепропетровск.comments.ua |publisher=Dnepr.comments.ua |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131185404/http://dnepr.comments.ua/news/2014/01/26/223635.html |archive-date=31 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Two days later about 2,000 public sector employees called an indefinite rally in support of the Yanukovych government.<ref name=mir27>{{cite web |url=http://news.bigmir.net/ukraine/788004-V-Ukraine-zahvatyvajut-oblastnye-gosadministracii--OBNOVLJaETSJa- |title=Регионы онлайн: "Крымское Межигорье" показали людям – Новости Украины сегодня, последние новостиУкраины – bigmir)net – Новости дня – bigmir)net |date=23 February 2014 |publisher=News.bigmir.net |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> Meanwhile, the government building was reinforced with barbed wire.<ref name=mir27 /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dp.vgorode.ua/news/208513-dnepropetrovskuui-oha-obnesly-koluichei-provolokoi-y-smazaly-solydolom |title=Днепропетровскую ОГА обнесли колючей проволокой и смазали солидолом – Днепропетровск |publisher=Dp.vgorode.ua |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lenta.ru/articles/2014/02/21/regions/ |title=Бывший СССР: Украина: Государство временно недоступно |publisher=Lenta.ru |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> On 19 February 2014 there was an anti-Yanukovych picket near the Regional State Administration.<ref name=OdesaEN20214>{{cite news |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/20/ukraine-s-regions-begin-to-rise-against-yanukovych/ |title=Disturbances escalate in western Ukraine |date=20 February 2014 |work=euronews.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612163443/http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/20/ukraine-s-regions-begin-to-rise-against-yanukovych/ |archive-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> On 22 February 2014, after a further anti-Yanukovych demonstration, Dnipropetrovsk Mayor [[Ivan Kulichenko]], for the sake of "peace in the city" left Yanukovych's [[Party of Regions]].<ref name="for peace in the city">{{in lang|uk}} [http://espreso.tv/new/2014/02/22/zhyteli_dnipropetrovska_prymusyly_mera_vyyty_iz_partiyi_rehioniv Residents Dnipropetrovsk forced mayor to withdraw from the Party of Regions] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20140907172122/http://espreso.tv/new/2014/02/22/zhyteli_dnipropetrovska_prymusyly_mera_vyyty_iz_partiyi_rehioniv|date=7 September 2014 }}, [[Espreso TV]] (22 February 2014)<br />{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.newsru.ua/arch/ukraine/22feb2014/pokinul.html Dnipropetrovsk mayor left the PR 'for peace in the city'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205020755/http://www.newsru.ua/arch/ukraine/22feb2014/pokinul.html|date=5 December 2014 }}, [[NEWSru.ua]] (22 February 2014)<br />{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/02/22/7015886/ In Dnepropetrovsk Lenin Square was renamed Heroes Square, the Mayor released from PR], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (22 February 2014)</ref>

Simultaneously the [[Dnipropetrovsk City Council]] vowed to support "the preservation of Ukraine as a single and indivisible state", although some members had called for [[separatism]] and for [[federalization]] of Ukraine.<ref name="for peace in the city"/> On the same day, after [[Revolution of Dignity|street fighting in]] [[Kyiv]], 22 February 2014, Yanukovych left Ukraine and went into Russian exile.<ref name="Ukraine crisis timeline BBC">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26248275 Ukraine crisis timeline], [[BBC News]]</ref>

==== 2014 to 2022 ====
{{See also|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine}}
[[File:Пам’ятник Леніну В.І. Калініна просп., 47 Перед палацом культури металургів ім. Ілліча.jpg|thumb|[[Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine|A destroyed monument to]] [[Vladimir Lenin]] on Dnipro's [[Mikhail Kalinin|Kalinin]] Avenue (now Prospekt [[Serhiy Nigoyan]]) in October 2014.]]
Dnipropetrovsk remained relatively quiet during the [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]], with pro-Russian Federation protestors outnumbered by those opposing outside intervention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/rus/news/v_dnepropetrovske_sostoyalis_dva_mitinga_za_i_protiv_novoy_vlasti_1608502 |script-title=ru:В Днепропетровске состоялись два митинга: за и против новой власти |trans-title=Two meetings took place in Dnepropetrovsk: for and against the new government |language=ru |publisher=ukrinform.ua |date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305021021/http://www.ukrinform.ua/rus/news/v_dnepropetrovske_sostoyalis_dva_mitinga_za_i_protiv_novoy_vlasti_1608502 |archive-date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="Olga Rudenko, Special for USA TODAY">{{cite web |author=Rudenko |first=Olga |date=14 March 2014 |title=In East Ukraine, fear of Putin, anger at Kiev |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/03/14/ukraine-crimea-referendum/6319183/ |access-date=28 November 2014 |work=USA Today}}</ref> In March 2014 the city's Lenin Square was renamed "Heroes of Independence Square" in honor of [[Maidan casualties|the people killed]] during [[Euromaidan]].<ref name="Olga Rudenko, Special for USA TODAY" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/ukraine-day-after_783577.html |title=Ukraine: the Day After |publisher=Weeklystandard.com |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101811/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/ukraine-day-after_783577.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[List of statues of Vladimir Lenin|statue of Lenin]] on the square was removed.<ref name="Olga Rudenko, Special for USA TODAY" /><ref>{{cite web |date=19 August 2014 |title=Пам'ятник Леніну у Дніпропетровську остаточно перетворили в купу каміння |trans-title=Monument to Lenin in Dnipropetrovsk finally turned into a pile of stones |url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/sche-odnogo-lenyna-zvalili-v-dnypropetrovsku-363832.html |access-date=28 November 2014 |work=ТСН.ua |language=uk}}</ref> In June 2014 another Lenin monument was removed and replaced by a monument to the [[Ukrainian military]] fighting the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/video/lenin-statue-toppled-ukrainian-city-164726860.html |title=Lenin Statue Toppled in Ukrainian City of Dnipropetrovsk |work=Yahoo News Singapore |date=27 June 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Another monument to Lenin was dismantled in Dnipropetrovsk |trans-title=У Дніпропетровську демонтували черговий пам'ятник Леніну |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/06/27/7030344/ |access-date=28 November 2014 |publisher=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=uk}}</ref>

[[File:Mem ATO Dnipro.jpg|thumb|Memorial to the victims of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|Russian-Ukrainian War]] ([[Joint Forces Operation (Ukraine)|ATO zone]]) in Dnipro's city centre in 2018.]]
To comply with the [[decommunization in Ukraine|2015 decommunization law]] the city was renamed ''Dnipro'' in May 2016, after the river that flows through the city.<ref name="drbvr" /><ref name="decommupbbcU" /> By summer 2016 not only was the city renamed, but so were more than 350 streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks.<ref name="dnipraDnipro49182" /> For example, [[Karl Marx]] Avenue, the main street, was renamed [[Dmytro Yavornytsky|Yavornytskyi]] Avenue in honour of the once neglected city and cossack historian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2016 |title=У Дніпропетровську перейменували центральний проспект та ще кілька вулиць |trans-title=In Dnipropetrovsk renamed Central Avenue and several streets |url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/general/326519.html |access-date= |website=[[Interfax-Ukraine]] |language=uk}}</ref> This was 12 per cent of all of the city's [[Toponymy|toponymies]].<ref name="dnipraDnipro49182" /> Five of [[Administrative divisions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast|the eight]] [[Urban districts of Ukraine|urban district]]s of the city received new names.<ref name="dnipraDnipro49182">{{cite web |title=Чому і як перейменували райони Дніпра: цікаві факти |trans-title=Why and how the districts of Dnipro were renamed: interesting facts |url=https://dniprograd.org/2016/09/08/chomu-i-yak-pereymenuvali-rayoni-dnipra-tsikavi-fakti_49182 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909193757/http://dniprograd.org/2016/09/08/chomu-i-yak-pereymenuvali-rayoni-dnipra-tsikavi-fakti_49182 |archive-date=9 September 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |website=Dniprograd.org |language=uk}}</ref>

==== 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ====
{{See also|Dnipro strikes (2022–present)}}
[[File:Russian warship, go F yourself. Tablo.jpg|thumb|The slogan "[[Russian warship, go fuck yourself]]" displayed on a bus stop in Dnipro in February 2022.]]
In the wake of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] on 24 February 2022, and with developing military fronts near [[Kyiv]] and to the [[Northern front of the Russian invasion of Ukraine|north]], [[Eastern front of the Russian invasion of Ukraine|east]] and [[Southern front of the Russian invasion of Ukraine|south]], Dnipro has become a logistical hub for humanitarian aid and a reception point for people fleeing the war. Roughly equidistant from the war's major theatres in the [[Eastern Ukraine campaign|east]] and the [[Southern Ukraine campaign|south]], the city's location is proving critical for supplying the Ukrainian defence effort.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} At the same time, its control of a [[Dnieper River]] crossing and the opportunity it would provide to cut off Ukrainian forces in the [[Donbas]] makes the city a high-value target for the Russians.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=Націлився на Дніпро: названо нову ймовірну мету кремлівського фюрера в Україні |trans-title=Targeted at the Dnieper: the Kremlin Fuhrer's new probable target in Ukraine has been named |url=https://ukrainenews.fakty.ua/399367-nacelilsya-na-dnepr-nazvana-novaya-veroyatnaya-cel-kremlevskogo-fyurera-v-ukraine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406074849/https://ukrainenews.fakty.ua/399367-nacelilsya-na-dnepr-nazvana-novaya-veroyatnaya-cel-kremlevskogo-fyurera-v-ukraine |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=ukrainenews.fakty.ua |language=uk}}</ref>

Dnipro is reported as the only city in Ukraine where a volunteer formation has been created under direct control of the [[Dnipro City Council]]. It is called the "Dnieper Guard" (Варти Дніпра, Varty Dnipra). The mayor of Dnipro, [[Borys Filatov]] has dismissed suggestions that the group remained [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]]'s "private army". Kolomoyskyi has helped with some equipment purchases, but the force performs defence and law and order functions under the leadership of the [[National Police of Ukraine|national police]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Горбань |first=Аліна |date=5 April 2022 |title=В університеті у Дніпрі розпочали тренінг домедичної підготовки |url=https://suspilne.media/225425-u-dnipropetrovskomu-universiteti-rozpocali-trening-domedicnoi-dopomogi-v-umovah-vijni/? |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Суспільне {{!}} Новини |language=uk}}</ref>

[[File:Dnipro after Russian shelling, 2022-09-29 (01).jpg|thumb|Dnipro city after Russian shelling in the night on 29 September 2022.]]
The Russians first hit Dnipro on 11 March. Three air strikes close to a kindergarten and an apartment building killed at least one person.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilbody-Dickerson |first=Claire |date=11 March 2022 |title=Zelensky calls Russia a 'terrorist state' after Dnipro and Lutsk hit by missiles for first time |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/ukraine-war-dnipro-lutsk-zelenksy-russia-terrorist-state-1511123 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> On 15 March, Russian missiles hit [[Dnipro International Airport]], destroying the runway and damaging the terminal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Окупанти зруйнували злітну смугу аеропорту "Дніпро" |url=https://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2022/03/15/684055/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Економічна правда |language=uk}}</ref> In the early hours of 6 April, an air strike destroyed an oil depot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Росіяни обстріляли нафтобазу і завод на Дніпропетровщині, – ОВА – новини Дніпра |url=https://dnipro.depo.ua/ukr/dnipro/rosiyani-obstrilyali-naftobazu-i-zavod-na-dnipropetrovshchini-ova-202204061437211 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.depo.ua |language=uk}}</ref> On 10 April, a Ukrainian government spokesperson said that the airport in Dnipro had been "completely destroyed" as the result of a Russian attack.<ref>{{cite news | last =Agence Press-France | first = | title =Ukraine Claims Russia Has "Completely Destroyed" Dnipro Airport: Dnipro has been targeted by Russian forces since the Russian invasion but has so far been spared major destruction. | newspaper =[[NDTV]] | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date =10 April 2022| url =https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/ukraine-claims-russia-has-completely-destroyed-dnipro-airport-2875866 | access-date =11 April 2022 }}</ref> On 15 July, a Russian missile attack killed four people and injured sixteen others in Dnipro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Удар по Дніпру: кількість загиблих зросла до 4 |trans-title=Strike on the Dnieper: death toll rises to 4 |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/07/18/7358807/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718230144/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/07/18/7358807/ |archive-date=2022-07-18 |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Ukrainska Pravda |language=uk}}</ref>

As part of the [[Derussification in Ukraine|derussification campaign]] that swept through Ukraine following the February 2022 invasion 110 toponyms in the city were "de-Russified" from February to September 2022.<ref name="DniproSBS7368431"/> The renaming started on 21 April when 31 streets connected to Russia were renamed. In May another 20 streets were renamed, followed by 21 more streets and alleys in June 2022.<ref name="TISHCHENKO7355463">{{cite web |author=Tishchenko |first=Kateryna |date=29 June 2022 |title=Дерусифікація: у Дніпрі з'явилися вулиці Азовсталі й Морської піхоти |trans-title=Derusification: Azovstal and Marine streets have appeared in Dnipro |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/06/29/7355463/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> According to Dnipro's Mayor [[Borys Filatov]] (speaking on 21 September 2022) "this is not the end."<ref name="DniproSBS7368431"/> Among other renamings, the Schmidt Street (the street was originally the Gymnasium Street but it was renamed to [[Otto Schmidt]] Street by Soviet authorities in 1934<ref name="streetsarticle98Markova">{{cite web |author=L.M. Markova|title=About the renaming of streets in the city of Katerynoslava – Dnipropetrovsk in the 1920s and 1930s|url=https://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ua.php?article=98|website=gorod.dp.ua|access-date=16 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>) in the center of Dnipro was renamed to [[Stepan Bandera]] Street.<ref name="DniproSBS7368431">{{cite web |date=21 September 2022 |title=У центрі Дніпра з'явилася вулиця Степана Бандери – мер |trans-title=In the center of Dnipro, the street of Stepan Bandera appeared – the mayor |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/09/21/7368431/ |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|On 16 November 2022 [[Pushkin]] Avenue in the city center of Dnipro was renamed [[Lesya Ukrainka]] Avenue.<ref name="news-dnipro-pushkin-32180120"/>|group=nb}} In May 2022 (also) several outdoor objects related to the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] were dismantled in Dnipro.<ref name="dniprodemontazh31832051">{{cite news |title=The "Zhukov Square" stele and other objects related to the USSR were dismantled in Dnipro (photo)|url=https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-dekomunizatsiya-dnipro-demontazh/31832051.html|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=3 May 2022|access-date=16 December 2022|language=Ukrainian|last1=Свобода |first1=Радіо }}</ref><ref name="7343701BALACHUKmemorials"/> In December 2022 Dnipro removed from the city all monuments to figures of [[Russian culture]] and [[History of Russia|history]].<ref name="nmMGmDnipro7379537">{{cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title=У Дніпрі приберуть з публічного простору пам'ятники Пушкіну, Ломоносову, Горькому - міськрада |trans-title=Monuments to Pushkin, Lomonosov, and Gorky will be removed from public space in Dnipro – city council |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/12/6/7379537/ |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}<br />{{cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=У Дніпрі демонтували пам'ятник Пушкіну |trans-title=A monument to Pushkin was dismantled in Dnipro |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/12/16/7381105/ |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}<br />{{cite web |author=Machula |first=Anton |date=16 December 2022 |title=У Дніпрі демонтували пам'ятники Пушкіна та Дубініна: кого ще знімуть з постаментів |trans-title=Pushkin and Dubinin monuments were dismantled in Dnipro: who else will be removed from the supplies |url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/u-dnipri-demontuvali-pam-yatniki-pushkina-ta-dubinina-kogo-shche-znimut-z-postamentiv |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Informator |language=Ukrainian}}<br />{{cite web |author=Kabashi |first=Maria |date=26 December 2022 |title=У Дніпрі демонтували пам'ятник Горькому |trans-title=A monument to Gorky was dismantled in Dnipro |url=https://life.pravda.com.ua/culture/2022/12/26/252026/ |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Monuments to [[Alexander Pushkin]], [[Maxim Gorky]], [[Valery Chkalov]], [[Yefim Pushkin]] [[Volodia Dubinin]], [[Alexander Matrosov]] and [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] were removed from the public space of the city in December 2022.<ref name="nmMGmDnipro7379537"/>|group=nb}} On 22 February 2023 26 more streets were renamed.<ref name="dnipri-pereymenuvali-26">{{cite web |author=Rudenko |first=Stas |date=22 February 2023 |title=Маршала Малиновського залишається: у Дніпрі перейменували 26 вулиць |trans-title=Marshal Malinovsky remains: 26 streets were renamed in Dnipro |url=https://dp.informator.ua/uk/marshala-malinovskogo-zalishayetsya-u-dnipri-pereymenuvali-26-vulic |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Informator |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

Dnipro [[Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)#2022|was hit]] during the [[Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)|autumn 2022 Russian missile strikes on critical infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |last2=Higgins |first2=Charlotte |last3=Mazhulin |first3=Artem |date=10 October 2022 |title=Ukraine: multiple explosions hit central Kyiv and other cities |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/10/explosions-kyiv-ukraine-war-russia-crimea-putin-bridge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010085425/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/10/explosions-kyiv-ukraine-war-russia-crimea-putin-bridge |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=Kyiv}}</ref> On 10 October three civilians were killed.<ref name="dnipromissilestrikes32075129">{{cite web |author=RFE/RL|title=Stunned Dnipro Residents Survey Damage From 'Horrific' Russian Missile Strikes|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/photos-dnipro-residents-survey-damage-russian-missile-strikes/32075129.html|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=11 October 2022|access-date=11 October 2022|language=English}}</ref> On 18 October 2022 Russian missile strikes targeted the energy infrastructure of Dnipro.<ref name="17466DniproMS181022">{{Cite news |date=18 October 2022 |title=Man wounded, over 30 residential buildings damaged in Dnipro |url=https://en.lb.ua/news/2022/10/18/17466_man_wounded_over_30_residential.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241126190503/https://en.lb.ua/news/2022/10/18/17466_man_wounded_over_30_residential.html |archive-date=2024-11-26 |access-date=19 October 2022 |work=LB.ua}}<br>{{cite web |date=18 October 2022 |title=У Дніпрі пролунали вибухи – є руйнування критичної інфраструктури |trans-title=Explosions rang out in Dnipro – there is destruction of critical infrastructure |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/10/18/7372374/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> On 17 November 2022 23 people were injured.<ref name="Dnipro7376804MA">{{cite web |author=Balachuk |first=Iryna |date=17 November 2022 |title=Russian missile attacks on Dnipro: 23 people injured |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/11/17/7376804/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |language=English}}</ref> [[Dnipro strikes (2022–present)|The attacks continued]] in 2023.<ref name=Dnipromissile7384858>{{cite web |title=Russians hit multi-storey residential building in Dnipro city, destroy building section, people are under rubble|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/01/14/7384858/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|date=14 January 2023|access-date=14 January 2023|language=English}}</ref> The most deadly of these attacks being the [[2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike|14 January 2023 missile strike on an apartment building]] that killed 40 people, injured 75 and with 46 people reported missing.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=Attack on Dnipro: death toll rises to 40 people |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/01/16/7384991/ |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]}}</ref>