Editing Domino theory (section)

==Applications to communism outside Southeast Asia==
[[Michael Lind]] has argued that though the domino theory failed regionally, there was a global wave, as communist or socialist regimes came to power in [[People's Republic of Benin|Benin]], [[Derg|Ethiopia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar|Madagascar]], [[Cape Verde]], [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique]], [[Angola]], [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)|Grenada]], and [[Nicaragua]] during the 1970s. The global interpretation of the domino effect relies heavily upon the "prestige" interpretation of the theory, meaning that the success of Communist revolutions in some countries, though it did not provide material support to revolutionary forces in other countries, did contribute morale and rhetorical support.

In this vein, Argentine revolutionary [[Che Guevara]] wrote an essay, the "Message to the Tricontinental", in 1967, calling for "two, three ... many Vietnams" across the world.<ref>[http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2005/Che-Guevara-Gott11aug05.htm "Rough Draft of History: 'All Right, Let's Get the  @#!*%  Out of Here'"] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051126071737/http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2005/Che-Guevara-Gott11aug05.htm |date=November 26, 2005}}, Richard Gott, August 11, 2005</ref> Historian [[Max Boot]] wrote, "In the late 1970s, America's enemies seized power in countries from Mozambique to Iran to Nicaragua. American hostages were seized aboard the SS ''Mayaguez'' (off Cambodia) and in Tehran. The [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Army invaded Afghanistan]]. There is no obvious connection with the Vietnam War, but there is little doubt that the defeat of a superpower encouraged our enemies to undertake acts of aggression that they might otherwise have shied away from."<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118792232818807567 "Another Vietnam?"] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170709153053/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118792232818807567# |date=July 9, 2017}}, Max Boot, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', August 24, 2007</ref>

In addition, this theory can be further bolstered by the rise in terrorist incidents by left-wing terrorist groups in Western Europe, funded in part by Communist governments, between the 1960s and 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://fas.org/irp/world/russia/kgb/su0523.htm |title=KGB Active Measures |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150629193045/https://fas.org/irp/world/russia/kgb/su0523.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://fas.org/irp/world/para/raf.htm |title=Red Army Faction |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150629203451/https://fas.org/irp/world/para/raf.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://fas.org/irp/world/para/br.htm |title=Brigate Rosse |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150629232055/https://fas.org/irp/world/para/br.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In Italy, this includes the kidnapping and assassination of former Italian Prime Minister [[Aldo Moro]], and the kidnapping of former US Brigadier General [[James L. Dozier]], by the [[Red Brigades]].

In West Germany, this includes the terrorist actions of the [[Red Army Faction]]. In the far east the [[Japanese Red Army]] carried out similar acts. All four, as well as others, worked with various Arab and Palestinian terrorists, which like the red brigades were backed by the Soviet Bloc.

In the 1977 [[The Nixon Interviews|Frost/Nixon interviews]], [[Richard Nixon]] defended the United States' destabilization of the [[Salvador Allende]] regime in Chile on domino theory grounds. Borrowing a metaphor he had heard, he stated that a Communist Chile and [[Cuba]] would create a "red sandwich" that could entrap Latin America between them.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine, 1945-1993 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5mUrNoWa7J0C&dq=Chile%2Bcuba%2Bred+sandwich&pg=PA133 133] |first=Gaddis |last=Smith |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |date=1994}}</ref> In the 1980s, the domino theory was used again to justify the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]]'s interventions in Central America and the [[Invasion of Grenada|Caribbean region]].

In his memoirs, former [[Prime Minister of Rhodesia|Rhodesian Prime Minister]] [[Ian Smith]] described the successive rise of authoritarian left-wing governments in Sub-Saharan Africa during [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonization]] as "the communists' domino tactic".<ref>{{cite book |title=Bitter Harvest: Zimbabwe and the Aftermath of Its Independence |last=Smith |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Smith |date=2008 |publisher=[[John Blake Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84358-548-0 |page=280 |title-link=The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith}}</ref> The establishment of pro-communist governments in [[Tanzania]] (1961–64) and [[Zambia]] (1964) and explicitly Marxist–Leninist governments in Angola (1975), Mozambique (1975), and eventually [[Rhodesia]] itself (in 1980)<ref>Smith 2008: 147</ref> are cited by Smith as evidence of "the insidious encroachment of Soviet imperialism down the continent".<ref>Smith 2008: 183</ref>