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====Historical development==== [[File:Aberdare Hall, Cardiff University.JPG|thumb|right|[[Aberdare Hall]] at [[Cardiff University]], built in 1895, one of the few remaining single-sex halls of residence in the UK]] [[File:Norfolk Terrace.JPG|thumb|right|[[Denys Lasdun]]'s 'ziggurats' (1968), [[University of East Anglia]]]] Until the mid 19th century, students at residential universities in England lived in [[residential college|colleges]], where they rented a set of unfurnished rooms, paid their own servants, and bought their own meals. The first change from this came with the foundation of Bishop Hatfield's Hall (now [[Hatfield College]]) by [[David Melville (priest)|David Melville]] at [[Durham University]] in 1846. This introduced three key concepts: rooms would be let furnished, all meals would be taken communally, and all expenses would be reasonable and fixed in advance, which combined to make the cost of accommodation in the hall much lower than in colleges. Melville also introduced single room study-bedrooms and, in 1849, opened the first purpose-built hall of residence in the country at Hatfield.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/6952715.building-renamed-founders-honour/|work=The Northern Echo|title=Building renamed in founder's honour|date=7 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/learn/architecture/bailey/north-bailey/hatfield-college|website=Durham World Heritage Site|title=Hatfield College|at=University Accommodation: The First or Among the First|date=15 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.durham.ac.uk/media/durham-university/colleges/hatfield-college/resources/BriefHistoryofHatfield.pdf|title=History of Hatfield|pages=1,5|website= Durham University|access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> The Oxford University Commission of 1852 found that "The success that has attended Mr. Melville's labours in Hatfield Hall at Durham is regarded as a conclusive argument for imitating that institution in Oxford";<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPm9V0_lzUgC&pg=PA41|page=41|title=Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners Appointed to Inquire Into the State, Discipline, Studies, and Revenues of the University and Colleges of Oxford|date=1852| publisher=[[HMSO]]}}</ref> this report led to a requirement in the [[Oxford University Act 1854]] that Oxford allow the establishment of [[Private halls of the University of Oxford|private halls]], although these halls were never very successful.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rI8DDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA353|title=The University of Oxford: A History|author=L. W. B. Brockliss|publisher= Oxford University Press|date=15 April 2016|pages=353, 369, 370|isbn=978-0-19-101730-8 }}</ref> The 19th century London colleges were originally non-residential. [[King's College London]] established a hall for theological students in a house adjacent to the college in 1847, although this only lasted until 1858.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol1/pp345-359#h3-0005|pages=345β349|chapter=The University of London: The Constituent Colleges|title=A History of the County of Middlesex|via=British History Online|date=1969|author1=J S Cockburn|author2= H P F King |author3=K G T McDonnell| publisher=[[Victoria County History]]}}</ref> [[University Hall, Gordon Square|University Hall]] was opened in 1849 by a group of mainly [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] Dissenters for students at [[University College London]]. This also struggled until taken over by [[Manchester New College]] in 1881, after which it flourished for a period but was subsequently closed when that college moved to Oxford in 1890.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bloomsbury-project/institutions/university_hall.htm|title=University Hall|access-date=18 December 2023|website=UCL Bloomsbury Project}}</ref> [[Bedford College, London]], at the time the only women's college in Britain, opened a residence in 1860.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/ea72edbf-ccfd-3a04-8a64-021e9779134f|title= Bedford College Papers|website=Archives Hub|access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> [[College Hall, London]] was established in 1882 for women students at University College London (which had become mixed a few years earlier) and the [[London School of Medicine for Women]]. Like the other London halls (with the exception of the Bedford College residence) this was initially private, but was taken over by the [[University of London]] in 1910.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bloomsbury-project/institutions/college_hall.htm|title=College Hall| access-date=19 December 2023|website=UCL Bloomsbury Project}}</ref> The provincial university colleges that became the [[redbrick universities]] were established as non-residential institutions in the 19th century, but later became the universities most closely associated with the development of halls of residence (as distinct from the residential colleges of the older universities). [[William Whyte (historian)|William Whyte]] identifies four main drivers for the building of halls of residence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These were: firstly, for philanthropic reasons (often linked to religion), such as the Anglican [[St Anselm Hall]] (1872/1907) and the Quaker Dalton Hall (1881), both at [[Owens College]] (now the [[University of Manchester]]); secondly, to provide safe accommodation for female undergraduates, who it was felt at that time could not live in lodgings; thirdly, to attract students from more distant parts of the country, particularly for university colleges in smaller urban areas such as [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], [[Exeter]] and [[Leicester]]; and fourthly, because residential provision was becoming seen as an essential element of university life, allowing for the development of community.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Halls of Residence at Britain's Civic Universities,1870β1970|author=[[William Whyte (historian)|William Whyte]]|pages=158, 159|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HohECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|title=Residential Institutions in Britain, 1725β1970: Inmates and Environments|editor1=Jane Hamlett|editor2=Lesley Hoskins|editor3=Rebecca Preston|date=6 October 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32026-5 }}</ref> In 1925, the [[University Grants Committee (United Kingdom)|University Grants Committee]] identified the need for more halls of residence as the most urgent of its priorities.<ref name=HEPI>{{cite report|url=https://www.hepi.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/HEPI_Somewhere-to-live_Report-121-FINAL.pdf|title=Somewhere to live: Why British students study away from home β and why it matters|author= William Whyte |publisher=HEPI|number=121|date=November 2019}}</ref> A report for the [[Universities UK|Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals]] in 1948 found that, in 1937β38, the highest percentages of students in colleges and halls of residence (outside of Oxford and Cambridge) were at Exeter (79 per cent), Reading (76 per ent), Southampton (65 per cent), Nottingham (42 per cent), Bristol (36 per cent) and Durham (32 per cent across both Durham and Newcastle divisions); all other universities were below 25 per cent.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Planning of University Halls of Residence|date=1948|page=2|publisher=Clarendon Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPBBAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Funding in the post-war period led to the construction of many new halls, with 67 built between 1944 and 1957. Yet the expansion of higher education in this same period meant that the proportion of students in halls hardly increased: while between 1943 and 1963 the number of students living at home fell from 42 per cent to 20 per cent, the number in private lodgings increased from 33 per cent to 52 per cent, leading to the [[Robbins Report]] identifying a need for "a very great increase in the housing provided by universities".<ref name=HEPI/> The post-war expansion in halls of residence meant universities looked for relatively cheap and quick construction, turning to functional [[modern architecture]] rather than the more traditional designs of earlier halls.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/archive/collections/photographs/modernist-student-accommodation/|title=Back to School in the Mid-20th Century: Modernist Student Accommodation|website=[[Historic England]]|access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref> Notable architects involved in designing halls of residence in this period included [[Basil Spence]], who designed the University of Southampton's [[Highfield Campus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ribapix.com/chamberlain-hall-of-residence-highfield-campus-university-of-southampton-the-junior-common-room_riba49571 |title=Chamberlain Hall of Residence, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton: the Junior Common Room|website=[[RIBA]]|access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref> and the [[University of Sussex]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ribapix.com/Halls-of-Residence-University-of-Sussex-Falmer_RIBA74578|title=Halls of Residence, University of Sussex, Falmer|website=[[RIBA]]|access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref> [[Denys Lasdun]]'s "five minute university" at the [[University of East Anglia]], including its 'ziggurat' halls of residence,<ref>{{National Heritage List for England| num= 1390647 |desc= Norfolk Terrace and attached walkways, at the University of East Anglia |grade=II* |accessdate=10 August 2024}}</ref> and [[James Stirling (architect)|James Stirling]]'s [[Andrew Melville Hall]] at the [[University of St Andrews]], "one of the most significant post-war buildings in Scotland" according to [[Historic Environment Scotland]].<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB51846|desc=North Haugh, University of St Andrews, Andrew Melville Hall|access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref>
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