Editing Dutch courage (section)

== History ==
{{see also|Dutch uncle#Origins}}

The popular story dates the etymology of the term Dutch courage to English soldiers fighting in the [[Anglo-Dutch Wars]]<ref name="OED">{{cite book |chapter=Dutch |title=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=2nd |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> (1652–1674) and perhaps as early as the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648). One version states that [[jenever]] (or Dutch gin) was used by English soldiers for its calming effects before battle, and for its purported warming properties on the body in cold weather. Another version has it that English soldiers noted the bravery-inducing effects of jenever on Dutch soldiers.<ref name="HistoryExtra">{{cite web |url= https://www.historyextra.com/period/general-history/what-is-the-origin-of-the-phrase-dutch-courage/ |title=What is the origin of the phrase 'Dutch Courage'? |first=Eugene |last=Byrne |website= History Extra |date=26 July 2013 |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Phrases">{{cite web | place = [[United Kingdom|UK]] |url= https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/dutch-courage.html |title= Dutch courage |first=Gary |last=Martin |website= Phrases |access-date= 26 December 2022}}</ref>

Gin is a Dutch invention, and was first distilled in Holland in the 16th century. The flavouring in gin comes from [[Juniper berry|juniper berries]]. The Dutch word for 'juniper' is 'jenever', which got [[Anglicisation|Anglicised]] to 'ginever' and then finally to '[[gin]]'.{{r|Phrases}} Gin would go on to become popular in England thanks to King [[William III of England]] (William of Orange, {{reign|1689|1702}}), who was also [[Stadtholder]] of the Netherlands.

There is a strong association of military service and [[alcohol use disorder]]. In 1862, British soldiers in [[British Raj|India]] responded to the threat of problematic alcohol use by establishing the Soldiers' Total Abstinence Association, which became the Army Temperance Association in 1888. Similar organizations formed in other branches of military and for British troops stationed in other [[British Empire|colonies]]. Members of these abstinence associations were encouraged to sign pledges to avoid alcohol entirely. Medals were awarded to individuals who remained abstinent.<ref name="Jones"/> Studies show that [[Australian Defence Force]] veterans of the [[Gulf War]] had a prevalence of alcohol use disorder higher than any other psychological disorder; [[British Armed Forces]] veterans of modern conflicts in [[Iraqi conflict (2003–present)|Iraq]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]] had higher rates of alcohol use disorder than servicemembers who were not deployed.<ref name="Jones">{{cite journal|doi=10.3109/09540261.2010.550868 |title=Alcohol use and misuse within the military: A review |year=2011 |last1=Jones| first1=Edgar |last2=Fear |first2=Nicola T. |journal=[[International Review of Psychiatry]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=166–172 |pmid=21521086 |s2cid=11729924 |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/kcmhr/publications/assetfiles/alcoholsmoking/Jones2011-Alcoholuseandmisusewithinthemilitary.pdf |language=English |publisher=[[Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience|Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN)]]/[[Taylor & Francis]] |publication-place=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708150650/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/kcmhr/publications/assetfiles/alcoholsmoking/Jones2011-Alcoholuseandmisusewithinthemilitary.pdf |access-date=19 July 2021 }}</ref>

Alcohol has a long association of military use, and has been called "[[liquid courage]]" for its role in preparing troops for battle. It has also been used to anaesthetize injured soldiers, celebrate military victories, and cope with the emotions of defeat. In the [[Russo-Japanese War]], alcohol has been implicated as a factor contributing to the [[Russian Empire]]'s loss. Russian commanders, sailors, and soldiers were said to be drunk more than sober. Countries often enabled alcohol use by their troops through providing alcohol in their rations. The British [[Royal Navy]] and other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] navies once maintained a [[rum ration]] for sailors until [[Black Tot Day|Britain retired it in 1970]].<ref name="Andreas">{{Cite journal|last=Andreas |first=Peter |date=11 May 2019 |title=Drugs and War: What Is the Relationship? |journal=[[Annual Review of Political Science]] |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=57–73 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-051017-103748|doi-access=free |lccn=98643699 |oclc=42836185 |issn=1094-2939 |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |publication-place=[[Palo Alto]], [[California]], [[United States of America]] |editor1-first=Margaret |editor1-last=Levi |editor1-link=Margaret Levi |editor2-first=Nancy Lipton |editor2-last=Rosenblum |editor2-link=Nancy L. Rosenblum }}</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Navy]] followed suit in 1972 as did the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=9780786735747 |publisher=[[Nation Books]] ([[Nation Institute]]/[[Avalon Publishing Group|Avalon Publishing Group Inc.]])  |publication-place=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States of America]] |collaboration=design by Maria Elias, distribution by Publishers Group West |chapter=18. Rum, Buggery, and the Lash: The Navy and Rum |title=Rum: A Social and Sociable History of the Real Spirit of 1776
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK0YMl_fEpAC |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK0YMl_fEpAC&pg=PA243 |via=[[Google Books]] |first=Ian |last=William |date=18 August 2006 |edition=1st }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frigate guests get shot at sailors' rum ritual |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/frigate-guests-get-shot-at-sailors-rum-ritual/YE2UXJH2EDXYEKHQTJJMMZB4ZE |website=[[NZ Herald]] |first=Scott |last=Kara |date=7 December 2000 |language=en-NZ |issn=1170-0777 |publication-place=[[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] |publisher=[[New Zealand Media and Entertainment|New Zealand Media and Entertainment (NZME)]] |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123142539/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/frigate-guests-get-shot-at-sailors-rum-ritual/YE2UXJH2EDXYEKHQTJJMMZB4ZE |access-date=19 July 2021 |editor1-first=Shayne |editor1-last=Currie |editor2-first=Murray |editor2-last=Kirkness 
}}</ref> The [[United States Navy]] similarly provided a distilled spirits ration between 1794 and 1862 when Secretary of the Navy [[Gideon Welles]] removed most non-medicinal alcohol from U.S. naval vessels, with all alcohol consumption aboard ship banned in 1914.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alcohol in the Navy|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/a/alcohol-in-the-navy.html|access-date=2021-07-16|website=NHHC|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Victory show Cosby Leicestershire UK 2013-09-07 zaphad1 Victory show 529 WWII military equipment orginals replicas reenactment etc German Luftwaffe pilot's personal items guns badges goggles knives etc.jpg|thumb|Two [[hip flask]]s, located in the left-center, are featured in the military equipment used as emergency [[sustenance]] by the ''Luftwaffe'', which was the air force of Nazi Germany during World War II.]]

At the start of [[World War II]], alcohol consumption was widespread among members of the [[Wehrmacht]] of [[Nazi Germany]].  At first, high-ranking officials encouraged its use as a means of relaxation and a crude method of mitigating the psychological effects of combat, in the latter case through what later scientific developments would describe as blocking the consolidation of traumatic memories.  After the [[Fall of France]], however, Wehrmacht commanders observed that their soldiers' behavior was deteriorating, with "fights, accidents, mistreatment of subordinates, violence against superior officers and "crimes involving unnatural sexual acts" becoming more frequent.<ref name=Ulrich />  The Commander-in-Chief of the German military, General [[Walther von Brauchitsch]], concluded that his troops were committing "most serious infractions" of morality and discipline, and that the culprit was alcohol abuse.  In response, [[Hitler]] attempted to curb the reckless use of alcohol in the military, promising severe punishment for soldiers who exhibited public drunkenness or otherwise "allow[ed] themselves to be tempted to engage in criminal acts as a result of alcohol abuse."  Serious offenders could expect "a humiliating death."<ref name=Ulrich>{{cite web|last=Ulrich|first=Andreas|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-nazi-death-machine-hitler-s-drugged-soldiers-a-354606.html |title=The Nazi Death Machine: Hitler's Drugged Soldiers |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=May 6, 2005}}</ref>  This revised policy accompanied an increase in Nazi Party disapproval of alcohol use in the civilian sector, reflecting an extension to alcohol of the [[Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany|longstanding Nazi condemnation of tobacco consumption]] as diminishing the strength and purity of the "[[Aryan race]]."<ref name="lewy">{{Cite web |url=http://alcoholanddrugshistorysociety.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/shad-22-2-levy.pdf |title=Jonathan Lewy: The Drug Policy of the Third Reich, Social History of Alcohol and Drugs, Volume 22, No 2, 2008 |access-date=2013-02-04 |archive-date=2012-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225011252/http://alcoholanddrugshistorysociety.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/shad-22-2-levy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Ulrich /><ref name="indian">[http://defenceforumindia.com/forum/military-history/42375-methamphetamine-use-during-world-war-2-a.html Methamphetamine use during world war 2, Indian defence forum]</ref><ref>[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2012/1/28/122246/068  McNugent: Drug Policy of the Third Reich]</ref>