Editing Electrostatic loudspeaker (section)

==Commercial speakers==
Arthur Janszen was granted {{US patent|2631196}} in 1953 for an electrostatic loudspeaker. He had worked in the Navy to develop a low-distortion, high-frequency source for targeting torpedoes. After the war, he developed manufacturing technique for electrostatic speakers, to be used with conventional cone woofers, known as electrostatic hybrids. He licensed Neshaminy Electric to make these speakers.
In the early 1970s, Electronic Industries of Minneapolis took over the license and rights to make JansZen electrostatic speakers.
In 1974, Electronic Industries introduced a new wire wrap around ESL tweeter that greatly lowered the cost to manufacture. It proved to be extremely reliable. Several large arrays of these tweeters were used as public address systems in concerts in Minneapolis.

Ownership changed again in the late 1970s, and the company was bought. Plans were made to offer electrostatic speakers in cars, but they never came into production. Dave Wilson of Wilson audio, used JansZen tweeters in his famous, WAMM,  Wilson Audio Modulator Monitor. That speaker sold for $220,000 a pair when it was discontinued.
The developers of the [[Tri-Ergon]] [[sound-on-film]] [[sound film]] system had developed a primitive design of electrostatic loudspeaker as early as 1919. David JansZen, son of Arthur JansZen, using his father's papers and designs introduced his own version of electrostatic hybrid speakers. His company, still in business, was not connected to Electronic Industries JansZen speakers. Mr. Janszen's company, JansZen still makes an evolved version of his original design.<ref>[http://www.janszenloudspeaker.com/ JansZen Electrostatic Speakers]. Janszenloudspeaker.com.</ref> The KLH Nine was designed in the mid-1950s by Arthur A. Janszen, and thousands were sold after the design was brought over to KLH in 1959 and put into regular production. {{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

===Quad Electroacoustics===
The first fully successful full-range electrostatic speaker, and also among the most influential, was produced in 1957: the [[Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker]] (Quad ESL, later known as the ESL-57) from [[Quad Electroacoustics]], of [[Huntingdon]], England. These were shaped somewhat like a home electric radiator curved slightly on the vertical axis. They were widely admired for their clarity and precision, but can be difficult to run while achieving low frequency bass output.

The Quad ESLs were designed by Peter Walker, founder of the company, and David Williamson. The first in the series was the ESL-57, influenced by {{US patent|1983377}} developed by [[Edward W. Kellogg]] for [[General Electric]] in 1934.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/loudspeaker.html |title=Loudspeaker History |access-date=2007-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905003027/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/loudspeaker.html |archive-date=5 September 2006 |df=dmy }}</ref> It was introduced in 1955, put into commercial production in 1957, and discontinued only in 1985.

In 1981, Quad introduced the ESL-63 as a successor to the ESL-57. It attempted to address both the deficiency in bass reproduction of the ESL-57 and its extreme directionality at high frequencies.  The latter goal is achieved by splitting the stators into eight concentric rings, each fed with a slight time delay compared to the ring immediately inwards, thereby attempting to emulate a point source.

Although the ESL-63 was discontinued in 1999, Quad maintains production of electrostatic speakers. Quad introduced the ESL-988 and its larger variant the ESL-989 in 1999, the ESL-2805 and ESL-2905 in 2005, and the ESL-2812 and ESL-2912 in 2017, that incorporate electronic and transducer refinements.

===Other manufacturers===
Popular<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-20 |title=What Are The Top 6 Electrostatic Speaker Brands? |url=https://upgradedhome.com/electrostatic-speaker-brands/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=Upgraded Home |language=en-US}}</ref> manufacturers of electrostatic speakers include MartinLogan, KEF, Quad, SoundLab. Manufacturers who only make electrostatic-type speakers include SoundLab, Audiostatic, JansZen and Sanders Sound Systems (previously Innersound).

Other manufacturers currently producing electrostatic loudspeakers include Solosound,<ref>[http://www.solostatic.com/ Introductie Solosound Solostatic elektrostatische luidsprekers Solosound-Solostatic]. Solostatic.com.</ref> King's Audio,<ref>[http://www.kingsaudio.com.hk/ King Sound]. Kingsaudio.com.hk.</ref> Panphonics,<ref>[http://www.panphonics.com/ Panphonics – the global provider of directional audio solutions]. www.panphonics.com (25 April 2013).</ref> Cadence Audio,<ref>[http://www.cadenceaudio.com/ Welcome to CadenceAudio WebSite]. Cadenceaudio.com (12 March 2003).</ref> T+A<ref>[http://www.taelektroakustik.de/ T + A Home]. Taelektroakustik.de.</ref> and Silberstatic,<ref>[http://www.silberstatic.de/ Start | Silberstatic.de | Elektrostaten]. Silberstatic.de.</ref> Blanko.nu. [[BenQ]] produces a portable electrostatic Bluetooth speaker.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.benq.us/news/1432205806_28_310.html |title=BenQ treVolo, World's First Electrostatic Bluetooth® Speaker, Now Available in Stylish Silver {{!}} BenQ USA |website=www.benq.us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526013809/http://www.benq.us/news/1432205806_28_310.html |archive-date=2015-05-26}}</ref> Audiostatic claim to make the only full range electrostatic loudspeaker.

[[MartinLogan]], [http://janszenaudio.com JansZen], Metrum Acoustics,<ref>[http://www.metrum-acoustics.nl/ NOS Mini DAC]. Metrum-acoustics.nl.</ref> Sanders Sound Systems,<ref>[http://sanderssoundsystems.com/products/electrostatic-speakers Sanders Sound Systems Electrostatic Speakers]. Sanderssoundsystems.com (8 February 2013).</ref> and Sound-Lab,<ref name="Httpwwwsoundlabspeakerscom">[http://www.soundlab-speakers.com/ Company manufacturing electrostatic loudspeakers]. Soundlab-speakers.com.</ref> and others build hybrid designs with conventional woofers or subwoofers.

Among electrostatic full-range speakers that are no longer made is the KLH 9, the earliest US full-range design,<ref>[http://www.stereophile.com/floorloudspeakers/666klh/ KLH Model Nine loudspeaker]. Stereophile.com (5 March 2006).</ref> AHL Tolteque, Acoustat,<ref>[http://www.acoustat.co.uk/loud-speakers-about-acoustat.html Loud Speakers – About Acoustat]. Acoustat.co.uk.</ref>  Servo-Statik and Immersion from Australia.