Editing Emilio Segrè (section)

==Later life==
In August 1945, a few days before the [[surrender of Japan]] and the end of [[World War II]], Segrè received an offer from [[Washington University in St. Louis]] of an associate professorship with a salary of {{USD|5000|1945|round=-2}}. The following month, the [[University of Chicago]] also made him an offer. After some prompting, Birge offered $6,500 and a full professorship, which Segrè decided to accept. He left Los Alamos in January 1946 and returned to Berkeley.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|pp=206–210}}{{sfn|Jackson|2002|p=13}}

In the late 1940s, many academics left the University of California, lured away by higher-salary offers and by the university's peculiar [[loyalty oath]] requirement. Segrè chose to take the oath and stay, but this did not allay suspicions about his loyalty. [[Luis W. Alvarez|Luis Alvarez]] was incensed that Amaldi, Fermi, [[Bruno Pontecorvo|Pontecorvo]], Rasetti and Segrè had chosen to pursue [[patent]] claims against the United States for their pre-war discoveries and told Segrè to let him know when Pontecorvo wrote from Russia. He also clashed with Lawrence over the latter's plan to create a rival nuclear-weapons laboratory to Los Alamos in [[Livermore, California]], in order to develop the [[hydrogen bomb]], a weapon that Segrè felt would be of dubious utility.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|pp=234–239}}

Unhappy with his deteriorating relationships with his colleagues and with the poisonous political atmosphere at Berkeley caused by the loyalty oath controversy, Segrè accepted a job offer from the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]].{{sfn|Segrè|1993|pp=234–239}} The courts ultimately resolved the patent claims in the Italian scientists' favour in 1953, awarding them {{USD|400000|1952|round=-5}} for the patents related to generating neutrons, which worked out to about $20,000 after legal costs. Kennedy, Seaborg, Wahl and Segrè were subsequently awarded the same amount for their discovery of plutonium, which came to $100,000 after being divided four ways, there being no legal fees this time.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|pp=245–247}}

After turning down offers from [[IBM]] and the [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]], Segrè returned to Berkeley in 1952.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|p=240}} He was elected to the United States [[National Academy of Sciences]] that same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emilio Segre |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/50641.html |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> He moved his family from Berkeley to nearby [[Lafayette, California]], in 1955.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|p=253}} Working with Chamberlain and others, he began searching for the [[antiproton]], a [[subatomic particle|subatomic]] [[antiparticle]] of the [[proton]].<ref name="antiproton" /> The antiparticle of the electron, the [[positron]] had been predicted by [[Paul Dirac]] in 1931<ref>{{cite journal |first=P. A. M. |last=Dirac |author-link=Paul Dirac |year=1931 |title=Quantised Singularities in the Quantum Field |pages=2–3 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society]] |doi=10.1098/rspa.1931.0130|bibcode = 1931RSPSA.133...60D |volume=133 |issue=821 |doi-access= }}</ref> and then discovered by [[Carl D. Anderson]] in 1932.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Carl D. |year=1933 |title=The Positive Electron |journal=[[Physical Review]] |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=491–494 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.43.491|bibcode = 1933PhRv...43..491A |doi-access=free }}</ref> By analogy, it was now expected that there would be an antiparticle corresponding to the proton, but no one had found one, and even in 1955 some scientists doubted that it existed.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|pp=255–257}} Using Lawrence's [[Bevatron]] set to 6&nbsp;GeV, they managed to detect conclusive evidence of antiprotons.<ref name="antiproton">{{cite journal |title=Nuclear Properties of Antinucleons |journal=[[Science (journal)|science]] |date=1 July 1960 |volume=132 |issue=3418|pages=9–14 |doi=10.1126/science.132.3418.9 |pmid=17732394 |issn=0036-8075 |last1=Segre |first1=E. |bibcode = 1960Sci...132....9S |s2cid=37761659 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc893382/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/segre-lecture.pdf |title=Properties of antinucleons – Nobel Lecture |date=11 December 1959 |last=Segrè |first=Emilio  |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |access-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref> Chamberlain and Segrè were awarded the 1959 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for their discovery.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation |access-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref> This was controversial, because [[Clyde Wiegand]] and [[Thomas Ypsilantis]] were co-authors of the same article, but did not share the prize.{{sfn|Jackson|2002|pp=15–16}}

Segrè served on the university's powerful Budget Committee from 1961 to 1965 and was chairman of the Physics Department from 1965 to 1966. He supported Teller's successful bid to separate the [[Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory]] from the [[Lawrence Livermore Laboratory]] in 1970.<ref name="nap" /> He was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Emilio+Segr%C3%A8&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> He was one of the trustees of [[Fermilab]] from 1965 to 1968. He attended its inauguration with [[Laura Fermi]] in 1974.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|pp=284–287}} During the 1950s, Segrè edited Fermi's papers. He later published a biography of Fermi, ''Enrico Fermi:  Physicist'' (1970). He published his own lecture notes as ''From X-rays to Quarks: Modern Physicists and Their Discoveries'' (1980) and ''From Falling Bodies to Radio Waves: Classical Physicists and Their Discoveries'' (1984). He also edited the ''[[Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science]]'' from 1958 to 1977 and wrote an autobiography, ''A Mind Always in Motion'' (1993), which was published posthumously.{{sfn|Jackson|2002|pp=17, 25}}<ref name="nap" />

Elfriede died in October 1970, and Segrè married Rosa Mines in February 1972.{{sfn|Jackson|2002|p=7}} He was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emilio Gino Segre |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/emilio-gino-segre |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> That year he reached the University of California's compulsory retirement age. He continued teaching the history of physics.{{sfn|Segrè|1993|p=288}} In 1974 he returned to the University of Rome as a professor, but served only a year before reaching the mandatory retirement age.<ref name="nap" /> Segrè died from a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] at the age of 84 while out walking near his home in Lafayette.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/04/24/obituaries/dr-emilio-g-segre-is-dead-at-84-shared-nobel-for-studies-of-atom.html |access-date=31 May 2013 |title=Dr. Emilio G. Segre Is Dead at 84; Shared Nobel for Studies of Atom |first=Peter |last=Flint |date=24 April 1989 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> Active as a [[photography|photographer]], Segrè took many photos documenting events and people in the history of modern science. After his death Rosa donated many of his photographs to the [[American Institute of Physics]], which named its photographic archive of physics history in his honor. The collection was bolstered by a subsequent bequest from Rosa after her death from an accident in Tivoli in 1997.<ref name="nap">{{cite web |url=http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/esegre.html |title=Emilio Gino Segrè January 30, 1905–April 22, 1989 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences biography |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://photos.aip.org/about.jsp | title = Photos of physicists, astronomers and other scientists – Emilio Segrè Visual Archives | publisher = [[American Institute of Physics]] | access-date = 13 March 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Jackson|2002|p=7}}