Editing Ems Ukaz (section)

== Aftermath ==
After the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]], the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Imperial Academy of Sciences]] recommended the lifting of the ukaz's restrictions. Ukrainian-language [[newspapers]] began publication; ''[[Prosvita]]'' (‘Enlightenment’) educational societies were formed; some university professors lectured in Ukrainian; and the Orthodox bishop of the [[Podolia]] vicariate, Parfeniy Levytsky, allowed the language to be used in services and church schools there.<ref>''Дзюба І. М.'' [http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Rusyfikatsiia Русифікація в українському контексті] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409232151/http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Rusyfikatsiia|date=9 квітня 2016}} // {{ill|Енциклопедія історії України|uk}}&nbsp;: у&nbsp;10&nbsp;т.&nbsp;/ редкол.: {{ill|Смолій Валерій Андрійович|uk|lt=В.&nbsp;А.&nbsp;Смолій}} (голова) та ін.&nbsp;; {{ill|Інститут історії України НАН України|uk}}.&nbsp;— Київ.&nbsp;: {{ill|Наукова думка|uk}}, 2003—2019.&nbsp;— {{ISBN|966-00-0632-2}}.</ref>

In 1910, concerned about potential revolutionary activity, Interior Minister [[Pyotr Stolypin]] restored the ukaz's restrictions and shut down the Prosvita societies and Ukrainian-language publications. The Russian-language press and intellectuals launched a campaign against the idea of Ukrainian autonomy or separatism.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

Thus, self-aware Ukrainians remained a small intelligentsia in [[Dnieper Ukraine]] that was out of touch with a much larger rural population, which lacked the opportunity for a cultural education. The Russian imperial ideology dominated the schools and the army, and the [[Russian language]] was the only one used for official business in the urban workplace, government offices, and public services. In the meantime, Ukrainian self-identity would grow in Austro-Hungarian [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], which was out of reach of Russian imperial authorities.

The ukaz was never cancelled but became void, along with all other Imperial Russian laws, in the [[February Revolution]] of 1917–18. [[Ukraine after the Russian Revolution|After the Revolution]], Ukrainian language, education and culture was allowed to flower in the [[Ukrainian National Republic]] and the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]], and briefly, under the [[Ukrainization#1923–1931: early years of Soviet Ukraine|Ukrainization]] policies of [[Soviet Ukraine]] before 1931.