Editing Enteritis (section)

=== Infectious enteritis ===
In Germany, 90% of cases of infectious enteritis are caused by four pathogens, [[Norovirus]], ''[[Rotavirus]]'', ''[[Campylobacter]]'', and ''[[Salmonella]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Epple|first1=H.-J.|last2=Zeitz|first2=M.|s2cid=24574799|date=2011-09-01|title=[Infectious enteritis]|journal=Der Internist|volume=52|issue=9|pages=1038, 1040–1044, 1046|doi=10.1007/s00108-011-2862-z|issn=1432-1289|pmid=21847579}}</ref> Other common causes of infectious enteritis include bacteria such as ''[[Shigella]]'' and ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]],'' as well as viruses such as adenovirus, astrovirus, and calicivirus. Other less common pathogens include ''[[Bacillus cereus]]'', ''[[Clostridium perfringens]]'', ''[[Clostridioides difficile]]'', and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVmRWrknaWgC|title=Textbook of Therapeutics: Drug and Disease Management|last1=Helms|first1=Richard A.|last2=Quan|first2=David J.|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781757348}}</ref>

''[[Campylobacter jejuni]]''  is one of the most common sources of infectious enteritis, and the most common bacterial pathogen found in two-year-old and smaller children with diarrhoea.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Coker|first1=Akitoye O.|last2=Isokpehi|first2=Raphael D.|last3=Thomas|first3=Bolaji N.|last4=Amisu|first4=Kehinde O.|last5=Obi|first5=C. Larry|date=2016-10-14|title=Human Campylobacteriosis in Developing Countries1|pmc=2732465|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=8|issue=3|pages=237–243|doi=10.3201/eid0803.010233|issn=1080-6040|pmid=11927019}}</ref> It has been linked to consumption of contaminated water and food, most commonly poultry and milk.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Colles|first1=F. M.|last2=McCarthy|first2=N. D.|last3=Howe|first3=J. C.|last4=Devereux|first4=C. L.|last5=Gosler|first5=A. G.|last6=Maiden|first6=M. C. J.|date=2009-01-01|title=Dynamics of Campylobacter colonization of a natural host, Sturnus vulgaris (European Starling)|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=11|issue=1|pages=258–267|doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01773.x|issn=1462-2920|pmid=18826435|pmc=2702492|bibcode=2009EnvMi..11..258C }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peterson|first=Michael C.|date=2003-05-01|title=Campylobacter jejuni enteritis associated with consumption of raw milk|pmid=12762121|journal=Journal of Environmental Health|volume=65|issue=9|pages=20–21, 24, 26|issn=0022-0892}}</ref> The disease tends to be less severe in developing countries, due to the constant exposure which people have with the antigen in the environment, leading to early development of antibodies.<ref name=":4" />

Rotavirus is responsible for infecting 140&nbsp;million people and causing 1&nbsp;million deaths each year, mostly in children younger than five years.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Ramig|first=Robert F.|date=2004-10-01|title=Pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic rotavirus infection|pmid=15367586|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=78|issue=19|pages=10213–10220|doi=10.1128/JVI.78.19.10213-10220.2004|issn=0022-538X|pmc=516399}}</ref> This makes it the most common cause of severe childhood diarrhoea and diarrhea-related deaths in the world.<ref name=":1" /> It selectively targets mature enterocytes in the small intestine, causing malabsorption, as well as inducing secretion of water. It has also been observed to cause villus ischemia, and increase intestinal motility.<ref name=":5" /> The net result of these changes is induced diarrhoea.<ref name=":5" />

[[Clostridial necrotizing enteritis|Enteritis necroticans]] is an often fatal illness, caused by [[β-toxin]] of ''Clostridium perfringens''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Petrillo|first1=T. M.|last2=Beck-Sagué|first2=C. M.|last3=Songer|first3=J. G.|last4=Abramowsky|first4=C.|last5=Fortenberry|first5=J. D.|last6=Meacham|first6=L.|last7=Dean|first7=A. G.|last8=Lee|first8=H.|last9=Bueschel|first9=D. M.|date=2000-04-27|title=Enteritis necroticans (pigbel) in a diabetic child|pmid=10781621|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=342|issue=17|pages=1250–1253|doi=10.1056/NEJM200004273421704|issn=0028-4793|doi-access=free}}</ref> This causes inflammation and segments of necrosis throughout the gastrointestinal tract. It is most common in [[Developing country|developing countries]]; however, it has also been documented in [[Aftermath of World War II|post-World War II]] [[Germany]].<ref name=":6" /> Risk factors for enteritis necroticans include decreased trypsin activity, which prevent intestinal degradation of the toxin, and reduced intestinal motility, which increases likelihood of toxin accumulation.<ref name=":6" />