Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
Enthalpy of vaporization
(section)
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
== Selected values == {{more citations needed section|date=September 2018}} === Elements === <div class="thumb" style="table-layout:fixed; margin:5px 5px 5px 0; clear:both; width:98%;"> <div class="overflowbugx" style="table-layout:fixed; overflow:auto;"> {| border=0 cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="table-layout:fixed; background:{{element color|table background}}; border:1px solid {{element color|table border}}; width:100%; max-width:2000px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; {{{style|}}};" ! colspan=20 style="background:{{element color|table title}}; padding:2px 4px;" | Enthalpies of vaporization of the elements |- style="background:{{element color|table colheader}}" ! ! [[Alkali metal|1]] ! [[Alkaline earth metal|2]] ! ! [[Group 3 element|3]] ! [[Group 4 element|4]] ! [[Group 5 element|5]] ! [[Group 6 element|6]] ! [[Group 7 element|7]] ! [[Group 8 element|8]] ! [[Group 9 element|9]] ! [[Group 10 element|10]] ! [[Group 11 element|11]] ! [[Group 12 element|12]] ! [[Boron group|13]] ! [[Carbon group|14]] ! [[Nitrogen group|15]] ! [[Chalcogen|16]] ! [[Halogen|17]] ! [[Noble gas|18]] |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:left;" | [[Group (periodic table)|Group]] → |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:left;"| β [[Periodic table period|Period]] |- ! [[Period 1 element|1]] | {{element cell property|1=H |3=0.90|7=#ffccff|2=hydrogen |5=primordial}} | colspan="17" | | {{element cell property|1=He|3=0.08|7=#ffccff|2=helium |5=primordial}} |- ! [[Period 2 element|2]] | {{element cell property|1=Li|3=136|7=#99ccff|2=lithium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Be|3=292|7=#99ccff|2=beryllium |5=primordial}} | colspan="11" | | {{element cell property|1=B |3=508 |7=#ffffcc|2=boron |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=C |3=715 |7=#ffffcc|2=carbon |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=N |3=5.57|7=#ffccff|2=nitrogen |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=O |3=6.82 |7=#ffccff|2=oxygen |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=F |3=6.62 |7=#ffccff|2=fluorine |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ne|3=1.71 |7=#ffccff|2=neon |5=primordial}} |- ! [[Period 3 element|3]] | {{element cell property|1=Na|3=97.4|7=#ccffcc|2=sodium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Mg|3=128 |7=#99ccff|2=magnesium |5=primordial}} | colspan="11" | | {{element cell property|1=Al|3=284 |7=#99ccff|2=aluminium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Si|3=359 |7=#ffffcc|2=silicon |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=P |3=12.4 |7=#ccffcc|2=phosphorus |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=S |3=45 |7=#cfc|2=sulfur |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Cl|3=20.4|7=#ccffcc|2=chlorine |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ar|3=6.53 |7=#ffccff|2=argon |5=primordial}} |- ! [[Period 4 element|4]] | {{element cell property|1=K |3=76.9 |7=#ccffcc|2=potassium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ca|3=155 |7=#99ccff|2=calcium |5=primordial}} | | {{element cell property|1=Sc|3=333 |7=#ffffcc|2=scandium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ti|3=425 |7=#ffffcc|2=titanium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=V |3=444 |7=#ffffcc|2=vanadium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Cr|3=339|7=#ffffcc|2=chromium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Mn|3=221 |7=#99ccff|2=manganese |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Fe|3=340|7=#ffffcc|2=iron |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Co|3=377 |7=#ffffcc|2=cobalt |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ni|3=379|7=#ffffcc|2=nickel |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Cu|3=300|7=#ffffcc|2=copper |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Zn|3=115|7=#99ccff|2=zinc |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ga|3=256 |7=#99ccff|2=gallium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ge|3=334 |7=#ffffcc|2=germanium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=As|3=32.4 |7=#ccffcc|2=arsenic |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Se|3=95.5 |7=#ccffcc|2=selenium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Br|3=30.0 |7=#ccffcc|2=bromine |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Kr|3=9.08 |7=#ffccff|2=krypton |5=primordial}} |- ! [[Period 5 element|5]] | {{element cell property|1=Rb|3=75.8|7=#ccffcc|2=rubidium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Sr|3=141 |7=#99ccff|2=strontium |5=primordial}} | | {{element cell property|1=Y |3=390 |7=#ffffcc|2=yttrium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Zr|3=573 |7=#ffffcc|2=zirconium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Nb|3=690 |7=#ffffcc|2=niobium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Mo|3=617 |7=#ffffcc|2=molybdenum |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Tc|3=585 |7=#ffffcc|2=technetium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Ru|3=619 |7=#ffffcc|2=ruthenium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Rh|3=494 |7=#ffffcc|2=rhodium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pd|3=358 |7=#ffffcc|2=palladium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ag|3=254|7=#99ccff|2=silver |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Cd|3=99.9 |7=#cfc|2=cadmium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=In|3=232 |7=#99ccff|2=indium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Sn|3=296 |7=#99ccff|2=tin |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Sb|3=193 |7=#9cf|2=antimony |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Te|3=114 |7=#9cf|2=tellurium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=I |3=41.6 |7=#ccffcc|2=iodine |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Xe|3=12.6 |7=#ccffcc|2=xenon |5=primordial}} |- ! [[Period 6 element|6]] | {{element cell property|1=Cs|3=63.9 |7=#ccffcc|2=caesium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ba|3=140 |7=#99ccff|2=barium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell-asterisk|1}} | {{element cell property|1=Lu|3=414|7=#ffc|2=lutetium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Hf|3=648 |7=#ffffcc|2=hafnium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ta|3=733 |7=#ffffcc|2=tantalum |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=W |3=807 |7=#ffffcc|2=tungsten |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Re|3=704 |7=#ffffcc|2=rhenium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Os|3=678|7=#ffffcc|2=osmium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ir|3=564 |7=#ffffcc|2=iridium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pt|3=510 |7=#ffffcc|2=platinum |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Au|3=342 |7=#ffffcc|2=gold |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Hg|3=59.1 |7=#ccffcc|2=mercury (element)|5=primordial|6=Mercury (element)}} | {{element cell property|1=Tl|3=165|7=#99ccff|2=thallium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pb|3=179 |7=#99ccff|2=lead |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Bi|3=179 |7=#99ccff|2=bismuth |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Po|3=103 |7=#9cf|2=polonium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=At|3=54.4|7=#ccffcc|2=astatine |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Rn|3=18.1 |7=#ccffcc|2=radon |5=from decay}} |- ! [[Period 7 element|7]] | {{element cell property|1=Fr|3=65|7=#cfc|2=francium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Ra|3=113 |7=#9cf|2=radium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell-asterisk|2vert}} | {{element cell property|1=Lr|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=lawrencium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Rf|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=rutherfordium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Db|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=dubnium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Sg|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=seaborgium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Bh|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=bohrium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Hs|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=hassium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Mt|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=meitnerium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Ds|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=darmstadtium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Rg|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=roentgenium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Cn|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=copernicium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Nh|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=nihonium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Fl|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=flerovium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Mc|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=moscovium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Lv|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=livermorium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Ts|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=tennessine |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Og|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=oganesson |5=synthetic}} |- | <br/> |- | colspan="4" {{element cell-asterisk|1|align=right}} | {{element cell property|1=La|3=400 |7=#ffffcc|2=lanthanum |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ce|3=398 |7=#ffffcc|2=cerium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pr|3=331|7=#ffc|2=praseodymium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Nd|3=289|7=#9cf|2=neodymium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pm|3=289|7=#9cf|2=promethium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Sm|3=172|7=#9cf|2=samarium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Eu|3=176|7=#9cf|2=europium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Gd|3=301|7=#ffc|2=gadolinium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Tb|3=391|7=#ffc|2=terbium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Dy|3=280|7=#9cf|2=dysprosium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Ho|3=251|7=#9cf|2=holmium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Er|3=280|7=#9cf|2=erbium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Tm|3=191|7=#9cf|2=thulium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Yb|3=129|7=#9cf|2=ytterbium |5=primordial}} |- | colspan="4" {{element cell-asterisk|2vert|align=right}} | {{element cell property|1=Ac|3=400|7=#ffc|2=actinium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Th|3=514 |7=#ffffcc|2=thorium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Pa|3=481|7=#ffc|2=protactinium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=U |3=417|7=#ffc|2=uranium |5=primordial}} | {{element cell property|1=Np|3=336|7=#ffc|2=neptunium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Pu|3=333|7=#ffc|2=plutonium |5=from decay}} | {{element cell property|1=Am|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=americium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Cm|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=curium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Bk|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=berkelium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Cf|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=californium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Es|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=einsteinium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Fm|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=fermium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=Md|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=mendelevium |5=synthetic}} | {{element cell property|1=No|3=''n/a''|7=#ffffff|2=nobelium |5=synthetic}} |- | |- | | colspan=20 | Enthalpy in kJ/mol, measured at their respective normal boiling points |- style="height:2em; border:1px solid grey; text-align:center;" | | colspan=3 style="background:#ffccff;" | 0–10 kJ/mol | colspan=3 style="background:#ccffcc;" | 10–100 kJ/mol | colspan=3 style="background:#99ccff;" | 100–300 kJ/mol | colspan=3 style="background:#ffffcc;" | >300 kJ/mol |}</div></div> The vaporization of metals is a key step in [[metal vapor synthesis]], which exploits the increased reactivity of metal atoms or small particles relative to the bulk elements. ===Other common substances=== Enthalpies of vaporization of common substances, measured at their respective standard boiling points: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan=2 | Compound ! colspan=3 | Boiling point, at normal pressure ! colspan=2 | Heat of vaporization |- ! (K) ! (Β°C) ! (Β°F) ! ([[kilojoule per mole|kJ/mol]]) ! (J/g) |- | [[Acetone]] | 329 || 56 || 133 | 31.300 | 538.9 |- | [[Aluminium]] | 2792 || 2519 || 4566 | 294.0 | 10500 |- | [[Ammonia]] | 240 || β33.34 || β28 | 23.35 | 1371 |- | [[Butane]] | 272β274 || β1 || 30β34 | 21.0 | 320 |- | [[Diethyl ether]] | 307.8 || 34.6 || 94.3 | 26.17 | 353.1 |- | [[Ethanol]] | 352 || 78.37 || 173 | 38.6 | 841 |- | [[Hydrogen]] ([[parahydrogen]]) | 20.271 || β252.879 || β423.182 | 0.8992 | 446.1 |- | [[Iron]] | 3134 || 2862 || 5182 | 340 | 6090 |- | [[Isopropyl alcohol]] | 356 || 82.6 || 181 | 44 | 732.2 |- | [[Methane]] | 112 || β161 || β259 | 8.170 | 480.6 |- | [[Methanol]] | 338 || 64.7 || 148 | 35.2<ref>NIST</ref> | 1104 |- | [[Propane]] | 231 || β42 || β44 | 15.7 | 356 |- | [[Phosphine]] | 185 || β87.7 || β126 | 14.6 | 429.4 |- | [[Properties of water|Water]] | 373.15 || 100 || 212 | 40.66 | 2257 |}
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)