Editing Equivalence class (section)

==Invariants==

If <math>\,\sim\,</math> is an equivalence relation on <math>X,</math> and <math>P(x)</math> is a property of elements of <math>X</math> such that whenever <math>x \sim y,</math> <math>P(x)</math> is true if <math>P(y)</math> is true, then the property <math>P</math> is said to be an [[Invariant (mathematics)|invariant]] of <math>\,\sim\,,</math> or [[well-defined]] under the relation <math>\,\sim.</math>

A frequent particular case occurs when <math>f</math> is a function from <math>X</math> to another set <math>Y</math>; if  <math>f\left(x_1\right) = f\left(x_2\right)</math> whenever <math>x_1 \sim x_2,</math> then <math>f</math> is said to be {{em|class invariant under}} <math>\,\sim\,,</math> or simply {{em|invariant under}} <math>\,\sim.</math> This occurs, for example, in the [[character theory]] of finite groups. Some authors use "compatible with <math>\,\sim\,</math>" or just "respects <math>\,\sim\,</math>" instead of "invariant under <math>\,\sim\,</math>".

Any [[Function (mathematics)|function]] <math>f : X \to Y</math> is ''class invariant under'' <math>\,\sim\,,</math> according to which <math>x_1 \sim x_2</math> if and only if <math>f\left(x_1\right) = f\left(x_2\right).</math> The equivalence class of <math>x</math> is the set of all elements in <math>X</math> which get mapped to <math>f(x),</math> that is, the class <math>[x]</math> is the [[inverse image]] of <math>f(x).</math> This equivalence relation is known as the [[Kernel of a function|kernel]] of <math>f.</math>

More generally, a function may map equivalent arguments (under an equivalence relation <math>\sim_X</math> on <math>X</math>) to equivalent values (under an equivalence relation <math>\sim_Y</math> on <math>Y</math>). Such a function is a [[morphism]] of sets equipped with an equivalence relation.