Editing Ernest Hemingway (section)

== Spanish Civil War ==

Hemingway had been following developments in Spain since early in his career<ref name="Baker 1972 p224">Baker (1972), 224</ref> and from 1931 it became clear that there would be another European war. Hemingway predicted war would happen in the late 1930s. Baker writes that Hemingway did not expect Spain to "become a sort of international testing-ground for Germany, Italy, and Russia before the Spanish Civil War was over".<ref name="Baker 1972 p227">Baker (1972), 227</ref> Despite Pauline's reluctance, he signed with [[North American Newspaper Alliance]] to cover the [[Spanish Civil War]],<ref name="Mellow p488">Mellow (1992), 488</ref> and sailed from New York on February 27, 1937.<ref name="Muller 2019 p. 47">Muller (2019), 47.</ref> Journalist and writer [[Martha Gellhorn]] accompanied Hemingway. He had met her in Key West a year earlier. Like Hadley, Martha was a St. Louis native and, like Pauline, had worked for ''Vogue'' in Paris. According to Kert, Martha "never catered to him the way other women did".<ref name="Kert pp287">Kert (1983), 287–295</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-84600-0001, Ivens und Hemingway bei Ludwig Renn, Chef der XI. Internationalen Brigaden.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Hemingway (center) with Dutch filmmaker [[Joris Ivens]] and German writer [[Ludwig Renn]], serving as an International Brigades officer during the [[Spanish Civil War]] in Spain in 1937|alt=photograph of three men]]

He arrived in Spain in March with Dutch filmmaker [[Joris Ivens]].<ref name="Koch p87">Koch (2005), 87</ref> Ivens, who was filming ''[[The Spanish Earth]]'', intended to replace John Dos Passos with Hemingway as screenwriter. Dos Passos had left the project when his friend and Spanish translator [[José Robles]] was arrested and later executed.<ref name="Meyers p311">Meyers (1985), 311</ref> The incident changed Dos Passos's opinion of the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|leftist republicans]], and caused a rift with Hemingway.<ref name="Koch p164">Koch (2005), 164</ref> Back in the U.S. that summer, Hemingway prepared the soundtrack for the film. It was screened at the [[White House]] in July.<ref name="Baker 1972 p233">Baker (1972), 233</ref>

In late August he returned to France and flew from Paris to [[Barcelona]] and then to [[Valencia]].<ref name="Muller 2019 109">Muller (2019), 109</ref> In September he visited the front in [[Battle of Belchite (1937)|Belchite]] and then on to [[Battle of Teruel|Teruel]].<ref name="Muller 2019 135ff">Muller (2019), 135–138</ref> On his return to Madrid Hemingway wrote his only play, ''[[The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories|The Fifth Column]]'', as [[Siege of Madrid|the city was being bombarded]] by the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Francoist army]].<ref name="Koch p134">Koch (2005), 134</ref> He went back to Key West for a few months in January 1938. It was a frustrating time: he found it hard to write, fretted over poor reviews for ''To Have and Have Not'', bickered with Pauline, followed the news from Spain avidly and planned the next trip.<ref name="Muller 2019 155ff">Muller (2019), 155–161</ref> He took two trips to Spain in 1938. In November he visited the location of the [[Battle of the Ebro]], the last republican stand, along with other British and American journalists.<ref name="Meyers p321">Meyers (1985), 321</ref> They arrived to find the last bridge destroyed and had to retreat across the turbulent [[Ebro]] in a rowboat, Hemingway at the oars, "pulling for dear life".<ref name="Muller 2019 203">Muller (2019), 203</ref><ref name="Thomas p833">Thomas (2001), 833</ref>
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In early 1939, Hemingway crossed to Cuba in his boat to live in the [[Hotel Ambos Mundos]] in Havana. This was the separation phase of a slow and painful split from Pauline, which began when Hemingway met Martha Gellhorn.<ref name="Meyers p326">Meyers (1985), 326</ref> Martha soon joined him in Cuba, and they rented ''[[Finca Vigía]]'' ("Lookout Farm"), a {{convert|15|acre|m2|adj=on}} property {{convert|15|mi|km}} from Havana. That summer while visiting with Pauline and the children in Wyoming, she took the children and left him. When his divorce from Pauline was finalized, he and Martha were married on November 20, 1940, in [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]].<ref>Lynn (1987), 479</ref>

Hemingway followed the pattern established after his divorce from Hadley and moved again. He split his time between Cuba and the newly established resort [[Sun Valley, Idaho|Sun Valley]].<ref name="Meyers p334">Meyers (1985), 334</ref> He was at work on ''For Whom the Bell Tolls'', which he began in March&nbsp;1939 and finished in July&nbsp;1940.<ref name="Meyers p334"/> His pattern was to move around while working on a manuscript, and he wrote ''For Whom the Bell Tolls'' in Cuba, Wyoming, and Sun Valley.<ref name="Meyers p326" /> Published that October,<ref name="Meyers p334"/> it became a book-of-the-month choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for a [[Pulitzer Prize]], and as Meyers describes, "triumphantly re-established Hemingway's literary reputation".<ref name="Meyers pp334–339">Meyers (1985), 334–338</ref>
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In January 1941, Martha was sent to China on assignment for ''[[Collier's]]'' magazine.<ref name="Meyers pp=356–361" /> Hemingway went with her, sending in dispatches for the newspaper ''[[PM (newspaper)|PM]]''. Meyers writes that Hemingway had little enthusiasm for the trip or for China,<ref name="Meyers pp=356–361">Meyers (1985), 356–361</ref> Although his dispatches for ''PM'' provided incisive insights of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]] according to Reynolds, with analysis of Japanese incursions into the [[Philippines]] sparking an "American war in the Pacific".<ref name="Reynolds p320">Reynolds (2012), 320</ref> In August, Hemingway returned to ''Finca Vigía''. In September, he left for Sun Valley.<ref name="Reynolds p324ff">Reynolds (2012), 324–328</ref>