Editing Etruscan language (section)

===Tyrsenian family hypothesis===
{{Main|Tyrsenian languages}}
[[File:Common Tyrrhenic model.svg|thumb|Tyrrhenian language family tree as proposed by de Simone and Marchesini (2013)<ref name=marchesini2013/>]]
In 1998, [[Helmut Rix]] put forward the view that Etruscan is related to other extinct languages such as [[Rhaetian language|Raetic]], spoken in ancient times in the [[eastern Alps]], and [[Lemnian language|Lemnian]],<ref>Rix, Helmut (1998). ''Rätisch und Etruskisch''. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck: Innsbruck.</ref><ref name=Woodard2004/> to which other scholars added [[Camunic language]], spoken in the [[Central Alps]].<ref name=Schumacher2000>{{cite web |url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631220398_chunk_g97806312203989_ss1-3 |title=Camunic : Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe : Blackwell Reference Online |publisher=Blackwellreference.com |access-date=2018-05-26 |archive-date=2018-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723060719/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631220398_chunk_g97806312203989_ss1-3 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>M. G. Tibiletti Bruno. 1978. ''Camuno, retico e pararetico'', in ''Lingue e dialetti dell'Italia antica'' ('Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica', 6), a cura di A. L. Prosdocimi, Roma, pp.&nbsp;209–255. (Italian)</ref>
Rix's [[Tyrsenian language family]] has gained widespread acceptance among scholars,<ref>{{cite book|last=Baldi|first=Philip Baldi|author-link=Philip Baldi|title=The Foundations of Latin|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2002|pages=111–112|isbn=978-3-11-080711-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Comrie|first=Bernard|title=Languages of the world, in "The handbook of linguistics"|editor=Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller|publisher=Blackwell/Wiley|location=Oxford|date=15 April 2008|page=25}}</ref><ref name="cambridge">{{cite book|last=Woodard|first=Roger D.|title=The Ancient Languages of Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge|url-access=registration|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46932-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/142 142]}}</ref><ref name=Wallace2010>{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1= Rex E.|author-link1=Rex E. Wallace |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |author-mask3= |author-mask4= |author-mask5= |name-list-style= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |display-translators= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |year=2010 |orig-year= |chapter=Italy, Languages of |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |chapter-format= |editor1-last=Gagarin |editor1-first=Michael |display-editors= |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome |script-title= |trans-title= |url-access=|location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=97–102 |no-pp= |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6 |quote=Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kaminia on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins. |mode= }}</ref> being confirmed by Stefan Schumacher,<ref name=Schumacher1994/><ref name=Schumacher1994b/><ref name=Schumacher1999/><ref name=Schumacher2004/> Norbert Oettinger,<ref name=Oettinger/> [[Carlo De Simone (linguist)|Carlo De Simone]],<ref name=desimone2009/> and Simona Marchesini.<ref name=marchesini2013/>

Common features between Etruscan, Raetic, and Lemnian have been found in [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], [[phonology]], and [[syntax]], but only a few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scant number of Raetic and Lemnian texts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Lingua&id=41&lang=en |title=Raetic (languages) |author=Simona Marchesini (translation by Melanie Rockenhaus) |date=2013 |website=Mnamon – Ancient Writing Systems in the Mediterranean |publisher=Scuola Normale Superiore |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202121750/http://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Lingua&id=41&lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.univie.ac.at/raetica/wiki/Raetica |title=Raetica |author1=Kluge Sindy |author2=Salomon Corinna |author3=Schumacher Stefan|date= 2013–2018|website=Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum|publisher= Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna|access-date=26 July 2018 }}</ref> On the other hand, the Tyrsenian family, or Common Tyrrhenic, is often considered to be [[Paleo-European language|Paleo-European]] and to [[pre-Indo-European languages|predate the arrival of Indo-European languages]] in southern Europe.<ref name="auto">Mellaart, James (1975), "The Neolithic of the Near East" (Thames and Hudson)</ref><ref name=Haarmann2014/> Several scholars believe that the [[Lemnian language]] could have arrived in the [[Aegean Sea]] during the Late [[Bronze Age]], when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from [[Sicily]], [[Sardinia]] and various parts of the Italian peninsula.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=de Ligt|first1=Luuk|title=An 'Eteocretan' inscription from Prasos and the homeland of the Sea Peoples|journal=Talanta|date=2008–2009|volume=XL–XLI|pages=151–172|url=http://www.talanta.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/TAL-40-412008-2009-pag-151-172-DeLigt.pdf|access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> Scholars such as Norbert Oettinger, Michel Gras and Carlo De Simone think that Lemnian is the testimony of an Etruscan commercial settlement on the island that took place before 700 BC, not related to the Sea Peoples.<ref name=Wallace2010/><ref>Carlo de Simone, La nuova Iscrizione 'Tirsenica' di Lemnos (Efestia, teatro): considerazioni generali, in Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies, pp. 1–34.</ref><ref>[[Robert Drews]], ''The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe of ca. 1200 B.C'', Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 59, {{ISBN|978-0-691-04811-6}}.</ref>

==== Archeogenetic studies ====
A 2021 archeogenetic analysis of Etruscan individuals, who lived between 800 BC and 1 BC, concluded that the Etruscans were autochthonous and genetically similar to the Early Iron Age [[Latins]], and that the Etruscan language, and therefore the other languages of the Tyrrhenian family, may be a surviving language of the ones that were widespread in Europe from at least the Neolithic period before the arrival of the Indo-European languages,<ref name=Posth2021>{{cite journal |last1=Posth |first1=Cosimo |last2=Zaro |first2=Valentina |last3=Spyrou |first3=Maria A. |date=24 September 2021 |title=The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect |journal=[[Science Advances]]|location=Washington DC |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=7 |issue=39 |pages=eabi7673 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abi7673 |pmc=8462907 |pmid=34559560|bibcode=2021SciA....7.7673P }}</ref> as already argued by German geneticist [[Johannes Krause]] who concluded that it is likely that the Etruscan language (as well as [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Paleo-Sardinian]] and [[Minoan language|Minoan]]) "developed on the continent in the course of the [[Neolithic Europe|Neolithic Revolution]]".<ref name=Krause2020>{{cite book |last1=Krause |first1=Johannes |author-link1=Johannes Krause |last2=Trappe |first2=Thomas |translator-last1=Waight |translator-first1=Caroline |year=2021 |orig-year=2019 |title=A Short History of Humanity: A New History of Old Europe |trans-title=Die Reise unserer Gene: Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren|edition=I |location=New York |publisher=Random House |page=217 |isbn=978-0-593-22942-2 |quote=It's likely that Basque, Paleo-Sardinian, Minoan, and Etruscan developed on the continent in the course of the Neolithic Revolution. Sadly, the true diversity of the languages that once existed in Europe will never be known.}}</ref> The lack of recent Anatolian-related admixture and Iranian-related ancestry among the Etruscans, who genetically joined firmly to the European cluster, might also suggest that the presence of a handful of inscriptions found at Lemnos, in a language related to Etruscan and Raetic, "could represent population movements departing from the Italian peninsula".<ref name=Posth2021/>