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Eurocentrism
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===Transformations of eurocentrism=== Authors show that since its first conceptualization, the concept of ''eurocentrism'' has evolved. Alina Sajed and John Hobson<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hobson |first1=John M. |last2=Sajed |first2=Alina |date=2017-12-01 |title=Navigating Beyond the Eurofetishist Frontier of Critical IR Theory: Exploring the Complex Landscapes of Non-Western Agency |url=http://academic.oup.com/isr/article/19/4/547/4056212 |journal=[[International Studies Review]]|volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=547–572 |doi=10.1093/isr/vix013 |issn=1521-9488|doi-access=free }}</ref> point to the emergence of a ''critical'' eurocentrism, stressing that 'while [critical IR theory] is certainly critical of the West, nevertheless its tendency towards "Eurofetishism" –by which Western agency is reified at the expense of non-Western agency– leads it into a "critical Eurocentrism". Expanding on their work, Audrey Alejandro has put forward the idea of a ''postcolonial'' eurocentrism, understood as an emerging form of Eurocentrism that {{blockquote|follows the criteria of Eurocentrism commonly mentioned in the literature – denial of 'non-Western' agency, teleological narrative centred on the 'West' and idealization of the 'West' as normative referent—but whose system of value is the complete opposite of the one embodied by traditional Eurocentrism: With postcolonial Eurocentrism, Europe is also considered to be the primary "proactive" subject of world politics—but, in this case, by being described as the leading edge of global oppression, not progress. Indeed, according to postcolonial Eurocentrism, European capacity to homogenise the world according to its own standards of unification is considered to be a malevolent process (i.e. the destruction of diversity) rather than a benevolent one (i.e. a show of positive leadership). In both forms of Eurocentrism, the discourse performs "the West" as the main actor capable of organising the world in its image. European exceptionalism remains the same—although, from the postcolonial Eurocentric view, Europe is not considered to be the best actor ever, but the worst.'{{sfn|Alejandro|2018|page=163}} }}
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