Editing European roller (section)

==Behaviour and ecology==
The European roller chick will vomit a foul-smelling orange [[liquid]] onto itself to deter a predator. The smell also warns the parents on their return to the nest.<ref name=NascimentoParejo2013>{{cite journal |last1=Nascimento|first1=F. S.|last2=Parejo|first2=D. |last3=Avilés|first3=J. M.|last4=Peña |first4=A. |last5=Sánchez |first5=L. |last6=Ruano|first6=F. |last7=Zamora-Muñoz |first7=C. |last8=Martín-Vivaldi |first8=M. |title=Armed Rollers: Does nestling's vomit function as a defence against predators?|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8|issue=7|year=2013 |pages=e68862|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0068862|pmid=23874791|pmc=3707886|bibcode=2013PLoSO...868862P|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Food and feeding===
Rollers often perch prominently on trees, posts or overhead wires, like giant [[shrike]]s, whilst watching for the large insects, small reptiles, rodents and frogs that they eat. The diet of adult rollers is dominated by [[beetles]], whereas nestlings mostly eat [[Orthoptera]], such as grasshoppers and bush crickets.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Catry, I. |author2=Sampaio, A. |author3= Silva, M.C. |author4= Moreira, F. |author5= Franco, A.M.A. | author6=Catry, T. |year=2019 |title= Combining stable isotope analysis and conventional techniques to improve knowledge of the diet of the European Roller ''Coracias garrulus'' |journal=Ibis |volume=161| pages=272–285 |doi=10.1111/ibi.12625| issue=2 |s2cid= 91151546 |url= https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/67384/1/Ibis_AM.pdf}}</ref>

===Breeding===
[[File:Arrival (47961559816).jpg|thumb|right|A European roller bringing food to her nest]]
The nest site is usually in a natural cavity in a tree or in a hole excavated by a woodpecker. It is typically located {{cvt|5|-|10|m}} above the ground. Pairs sometimes use a cavity in rocks or buildings and may occasionally excavate a hole in a sandy bank. The hole is unlined. The clutch is 2 to 6 white smooth glossy eggs that measure {{cvt|35|x|28|mm}}. They are laid at intervals of two or occasionally three days. They are incubated by both sexes but mainly by the female starting before the clutch is completed. They hatch after 17 to 19 days. The young are cared for by both parents but usually the male passes food to the female. The nestlings fledge after 26 to 27 days. Only a single brood is raised each year, but a replacement clutch is laid if the first is lost. European rollers generally first breed when they are two years old.{{sfn|Cramp|1985|p=764}}

The maximum age recorded from [[Bird ringing|ring-recovery]] data is 9 years and 2 months for a bird shot in Poland.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Longevity Records |url=https://euring.org/data-and-codes/longevity-list?page=3 |publisher=Euring |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>

===Diseases ===
The European roller is a host of the [[Acanthocephala]]n intestinal parasite ''[[Moniliformis gracilis]]''.<ref name="AminHeckmann2016">{{cite journal|last1=Amin|first1=O. M.|last2=Heckmann|first2=R. A.|last3=Osama|first3=M. |last4=Evans|first4=R. P. |title=Morphological and molecular descriptions of ''Moniliformis saudi'' sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from the desert hedgehog, ''Paraechinus aethiopicus'' (Ehrenberg) in Saudi Arabia, with a key to species and notes on histopathology |journal=Folia Parasitologica |volume=63 |year=2016 |doi=10.14411/fp.2016.014 |pmid=27189420 |doi-access=free}}</ref>