Editing Exegesis (section)

==Christianity==
In [[Christianity]], biblical exegeses have relied on various doctrines.<ref>Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard, Edgar V. McKnight, ''Mercer Dictionary of the Bible'', Mercer University Press, USA, 1990, p. 372-375</ref>

The doctrine of [[four senses of Scripture]] is a concept used in biblical [[hermeneutics]].<ref>Bruce Corley, Steve Lemke, Grant Lovejoy, ''Biblical Hermeneutics: A Comprehensive Introduction to Interpreting Scripture'', B&H Publishing Group, USA, 2002, p. 102</ref> In the 3rd century, the theologian [[Origen]], a graduate of [[Catechetical School of Alexandria]], formulated the principle of the three senses of Scripture (literal, moral and spiritual) from the Jewish method of interpretation ([[midrash]]) used by [[Paul of Tarsus]] in [[Epistle to the Galatians]] chapter 4.<ref>Kevin J. Vanhoozer, ''Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible'', Baker Academic, USA, 2005, p. 283-284</ref>

The [[historical-grammatical method]] is a Christian [[Biblical hermeneutics|hermeneutical]] method that strives to discover the Biblical author's original intended meaning in the text.<ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Baker Book House | isbn = 978-0-8010-3413-8 | last = Elwell | first = Walter A. | title = Evangelical Dictionary of Theology | location = Grand Rapids, Mich. | year = 1984 | title-link = Evangelical Dictionary of Theology }}</ref> It is the primary method of interpretation for many conservative Protestant exegetes who reject the [[historical-critical method]] to various degrees (from the complete rejection of historical criticism of some [[fundamentalist]] Protestants to the moderated acceptance of it in the Catholic Church since [[Pope]] [[Pius XII]]),<ref>The Biblical Commission's Document "The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church" Text and Commentary; ed. Joseph A. Fitzmyer; Subsidia Biblica 18; Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Bibllico, 1995. See esp. p. 26, "The historical-critical method is the indispensable method for the scientific study of the meaning of ancient texts."</ref> in contrast to the overwhelming reliance on historical-critical interpretation, often to the exclusion of all other hermeneutics, in [[liberal Christianity]].

Historical criticism, also known as the historical-critical method or [[higher criticism]], is a branch of literary criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand "the world behind the text".<ref name="Handbook, 78">{{cite book|last=Soulen|first=Richard N.|title=Handbook of biblical criticism|year=2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville, Ky.|isbn=978-0-664-22314-4|edition=3rd ed., rev. and expanded.|author2=Soulen, R. Kendall|page=78}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depts.drew.edu/jhc/|title=Journal of Higher Criticism}}</ref>  This is done to discover the text's primitive or original meaning in its original historical context and its literal sense.<ref name="Handbook, 79">{{cite book|last=Soulen|first=Richard N.|title=Handbook of Biblical Criticism|year=2001|publisher=John Knox|page=79}}</ref>

Revealed exegesis considers that the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] [[Biblical inspiration|inspired]] the authors of the scriptural texts,{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} and so the words of those texts convey a divine [[revelation]]. In this view of exegesis, the principle of ''[[sensus plenior]]'' applies—that because of its divine authorship, the Bible has a "fuller meaning" than its human authors intended or could have foreseen.

Rational exegesis bases its operation on the idea that the authors have their own inspiration (in this sense, synonymous with [[artistic inspiration]]), so their works are completely and utterly a product of the social environment and human intelligence of their authors.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

===Catholic===
{{see also|Roman Catholic theology of Scripture}} 
Catholic centres of biblical exegesis include:
* the [[École Biblique]] of [[Jerusalem]] founded in 1890 by the [[Dominican order]]'s [[Marie-Joseph Lagrange]]. The school became embroiled in the [[modernist crisis]], and had to curtail its [[New Testament]] activities until after [[Vatican II]]
* the [[Pontifical Biblical Institute]] of [[Rome]], a division of the [[Jesuit]] [[Gregorian University]], has influenced [[Roman Catholic theology of Scripture|Catholic exegesis]] through teaching and through the [[Pontifical Biblical Commission]]

===Protestant===
For more than a century, German universities such as [[University of Tübingen|Tübingen]] have had reputations as centers of exegesis; in the US, the Divinity Schools of [[University of Chicago|Chicago]], [[Harvard Divinity School|Harvard]] and [[Yale University|Yale]] became famous.

Robert A. Traina's book ''Methodical Bible Study''<ref>{{cite book
  | last =Traina
  | first =Robert A.
  | title =Methodical Bible Study
  | publisher =Francis Asbury Press
  | year =1985
  | location =Grand Rapids, Mich.
  | isbn =978-0-310-31230-7 }}
</ref> is an example of Protestant Christian exegesis.