Editing Extraordinary rendition (section)

=== 20th century ===
The CIA was granted permission to use rendition of indicted terrorists to American soil in a 1995 [[presidential directive]] signed by President [[Bill Clinton]], following a procedure<ref>[[Presidential directive]] [https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd39.htm PDD 39], 1995</ref> established by [[George H. W. Bush]] in January 1993.<ref>[https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsd/index.html <nowiki>National Security Directives (NSD) [Bush Administration, 1989-93]</nowiki>].[[National Security Directive]] 77, January 1993</ref>

The United States has since increasingly used rendition as a tool in the "[[war on terror]]", ignoring the normal [[extradition]] processes outlined in international law.<ref>Raymond Bonner: [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19777 "The CIA's Secret Torture"], ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', 11 January 2007</ref> Suspects taken into United States custody are delivered to third-party states, often without ever having been on United States soil, and without involving the rendering countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piret|first=Jean-Marc|date=2008|title=The war against terrorism, international law and the growth of unchecked executive power in the U.S.|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-interdisciplinaire-d-etudes-juridiques-2008-1-page-59.htm#|journal=Cairn. Info|volume=60|pages=59–111}}</ref>

Critics have accused the CIA of employing rendition for the purpose of circumventing American laws mandating [[due process]] and prohibiting [[torture]], labeling the practice "torture flights".<ref>{{cite news | title= Torture flights: what No 10 knew and tried to cover up | url=https://www.theguardian.com/usa/story/0,,1689853,00.html| access-date=23 January 2006 |work=The Guardian|location=London| date=19 January 2006 | first=Richard | last=Norton-Taylor}}</ref> Sociological comparisons have been drawn between extraordinary rendition and the [[death flights]] implemented, most notably, by Argentina during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>Austin, Jonathan Luke., 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151204051611/http://ejt.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/11/26/1354066115616466.abstract "We have never been civilized: Torture and the Materiality of World Political Binaries."] ''European Journal of International Relations'', [[doi:10.1177/1354066115616466]]</ref> Defenders of the practice argue that culturally informed and native-language interrogations are more successful in gaining information from suspects.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A18709-2005Mar8.html 'Rendition' Realities], David Ignatius, ''The Washington Post'', 9 March 2005; p. A21</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.craigmurray.co.uk/archives/2005/10/two_experts_on_1.html|title=Two experts on extraordinary rendition: one invented it, the other has seen its full horrors|first=Neil|last=Mackay|newspaper=[[Sunday Herald]]|date=18 October 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609062959/http://www.craigmurray.co.uk/archives/2005/10/two_experts_on_1.html|archive-date=9 June 2007}} (link is to text of article on [[Craig Murray]]'s website)</ref>

Hundreds of documents retrieved from [[Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Libyan foreign ministry]] offices in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] following the [[2011 Libyan civil war]] show that the CIA and [[MI6]] rendered suspects to Libyan authorities knowing they would be tortured.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/06/libyan-dissident-tortured-sues-britain |title=Libyan dissident tortured by Gaddafi to sue Britain over rendition |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=6 September 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2011/9/7/discovered_files_show_us_britain_had |title=Discovered Files Show U.S., Britain Had Extensive Ties with Gaddafi Regime on Rendition, Torture |date=7 September 2011 |access-date=6 November 2011 |publisher=Democracy Now!}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=source speaks of MI6 cooperation, it never suggests active rendition|date=June 2015}}

In a number of cases, such as those of [[Khalid El-Masri]] and [[Maher Arar]], suspects caught up in the procedure suffered lengthy detentions, despite ultimately being found innocent.<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/17/1530242 Outsourcing Torture: The Secret History of America's "Extraordinary Rendition"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050225100031/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F02%2F17%2F1530242 |date=25 February 2005 }}, [[Democracy Now]], 17 February 2005</ref> The CIA reportedly launched an investigation into such incidents of "[[#"Erroneous rendition"|erroneous rendition]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=11527&lang=en|title=PACE – Doc. 10957 (2006) – Alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe member states|website=assembly.coe.int|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref>