Editing Factor XII (section)

== History ==

Hageman factor was first discovered in 1955 when a routine preoperative [[Sampling (medicine)|blood sample]] of the 37-year-old railroad brakeman John Hageman (1918) was found to have prolonged clotting time in test tubes, even though he had no [[Bleeding|hemorrhagic symptoms]]. Hageman was then examined by hematologist [[Oscar Ratnoff]], who found that Hageman lacked a previously unidentified clotting factor.<ref name="pmid13299324">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ratnoff OD, Margolius A | title = Hageman trait: an asymptomatic disorder of blood coagulation | journal = Transactions of the Association of American Physicians | volume = 68 | pages = 149–154 | year = 1955 | pmid = 13299324 }}</ref> Ratnoff later found that the Hageman factor deficiency is an [[autosomal recessive]] disorder, after examining several related people who had the deficiency. Paradoxically, [[pulmonary embolism]] contributed to Hageman's death after an occupational accident in 1968. Since then, case studies and clinical studies identified an association between [[thrombosis]] and Factor XII deficiency. [[Hepatocytes]] express blood coagulation factor XII.<ref name="pmid2324612">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gordon EM, Gallagher CA, Johnson TR, Blossey BK, Ilan J | title = Hepatocytes express blood coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor) | journal = The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine | volume = 115 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–469 | date = April 1990 | pmid = 2324612 }}</ref>

Currently produced [[QuikClot]] products, produced and marketed primarily for use in [[battlefield medicine]] to treat penetrating trauma (such as [[gunshot wounds]] and [[stab wounds]]), and other injuries that are known to commonly cause [[exsanguination]] (such as [[blast injury]]), are used with the overarching goal of increasing the time between the blood loss occurring, and the patient succumbing to the blood loss. The purpose of increasing this time is so that the patient may reach a higher level of medical care before succumbing from their injuries. These products use a [[Kaolinite]]-based coating, applied to the bandages by the manufacturer before packaging and sale. This coating, when applied to an open wound via the application of the bandages, directly promotes blood clotting by activating Factor XII in the coagulation cascade.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Dee KC, Puleo DA, Bizios R, Madhavan G | title = Tissue-biomaterial interactions. | location = Hoboken | publisher = Wiley & Sons | date = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-471-46112-8 }}</ref> Also, due to the active ingredient nature of [[Kaolinite]], the activation of the Factor XII occurs in both an earlier amount of time than it otherwise would, and at an increased, more rapid rate than it otherwise would.<ref name="pmid21476127">{{cite journal | vauthors = Trabattoni D, Montorsi P, Fabbiocchi F, Lualdi A, Gatto P, Bartorelli AL | title = A new kaolin-based haemostatic bandage compared with manual compression for bleeding control after percutaneous coronary procedures | journal = European Radiology | volume = 21 | issue = 8 | pages = 1687–1691 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21476127 | doi = 10.1007/s00330-011-2117-3 | s2cid = 11755594 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20807305">{{cite journal | vauthors = Politi L, Aprile A, Paganelli C, Amato A, Zoccai GB, Sgura F, Monopoli D, Rossi R, Modena MG, Sangiorgi GM | title = Randomized clinical trial on short-time compression with Kaolin-filled pad: a new strategy to avoid early bleeding and subacute radial artery occlusion after percutaneous coronary intervention | journal = Journal of Interventional Cardiology | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–72 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 20807305 | doi = 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2010.00584.x | hdl = 11380/649198 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> This coating is widely considered amongst [[combat medics]] to be vastly superior to the older [[QuikClot]] powder formulation, which was poured into wounds, due to the fact that the older formulation used bead-form [[Zeolite]], a mineral which promotes the coagulation cascade, due to the fact that the reaction between the Zeolite powder and the blood inside the wound site was an [[Exothermic]] one, sometimes so intensely that it caused cases of [[burn|second degree burns]] on the inside surface of the wound. This, obviously, caused extreme pain to the patient, often more-so than the initial injury was causing them at the time (assuming the patient was still conscious at the time of the application of the powder).<ref name="pmid15345965">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wright JK, Kalns J, Wolf EA, Traweek F, Schwarz S, Loeffler CK, Snyder W, Yantis LD, Eggers J | title = Thermal injury resulting from application of a granular mineral hemostatic agent | journal = The Journal of Trauma | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 224–230 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15345965 | doi = 10.1097/01.ta.0000105916.30158.06 }}</ref> This effect is often seen in movies and TV programs, with the QuikClot powder being poured into wounds, and the patient screaming out in pain as their wounds were violently burned on the inside surface of the wounds. This created a common misconception, which persists to this day, that commonly used QuikClot products still use this method of clot promotion ([[Zeolite]] powder) to this day. However, Zeolite-based clotting products are no longer widely used by militaries and police departments throughout the western world, as they have been widely supplanted by the Kaolinite-based bandage products, which do not cause any exothermic reaction whatsoever, nor do they have the absolute-requirement of the application of the product exclusively to the inside-surface of the wound.