Editing Fall factor (section)

===Effect of friction===

When the rope is clipped into several carabiners between the climber and the [[belayer]], an additional type of friction occurs, the so-called dry [[friction]] between the rope and particularly the last clipped carabiner. "Dry" friction (i.e., a frictional force that is velocity-independent) leads to an effective rope length smaller than the available length ''L'' and thus increases the impact force.<ref name=uleuthaeusser>Leuthäusser, Ulrich (2011):{{cite web|url=http://www.sigmadewe.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf-Dateien/Physics_of_climbing_ropes_Part_2.pdf?&L=1|title=Physics of climbing ropes: impact forces, fall factors and rope drag|accessdate =2011-01-15}}</ref>