Editing Finland (section)

===Grand Duchy of Finland===
{{Main|Grand Duchy of Finland}}
The Swedish era ended with the [[Finnish War]] of 1809. On 29 March 1809, after being conquered by the armies of [[Alexander I of Russia]], Finland became [[Grand Duchy of Finland|an autonomous grand duchy]] within the [[Russian Empire]], as recognised by the [[Diet of Porvoo]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Merivirta |first1=Raita |last2=Koivunen |first2=Leila |last3=Särkkä |first3=Timo |title=Finnish Colonial Encounters: From Anti-Imperialism to Cultural Colonialism and Complicity |date=1 January 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-80610-1 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2ZXEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> This situation continued until the end of 1917.<ref name="tif"/> In 1812, Alexander I incorporated the Russian [[Vyborg Governorate|province of Vyborg]] into the Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia's involvement in the [[Crimean War]] when the British and French navies bombed the Finnish coast and [[Åland]] during the so-called [[Åland War]].<ref name="Junnila">{{cite book| first = Olavi | last = Junnila | title = Suomen historia 5 | year = 1986 | chapter = Autonomian rakentaminen ja kansallisen nousun aika | page = 151 | location = Helsinki | publisher = Weilin + Göös | isbn = 951-35-2494-9 | language = fi }}</ref>

[[File:Suomineito.jpg|thumb|190px|left|[[Edvard Isto]], ''[[The Attack (painting)|The Attack]]'', 1899. The [[Russian eagle]] is attacking the [[Finnish Maiden]], trying to steal her book of laws.]]
Although Swedish was still widely spoken, the Finnish language began to gain recognition during this period. From the 1860s, a strong Finnish [[Ethnic nationalism|nationalist movement]], known as the [[Fennoman movement]], grew. One of the movement's most prominent leaders was the philosopher and politician [[Johan Vilhelm Snellman|J.V. Snellman]], who worked to stabilise the status of the Finnish language and its own currency, the [[Finnish markka]], in the Grand Duchy of Finland.<ref name="Junnila"/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.suomenpankki.fi/fi/media-ja-julkaisut/puheet-ja-haastattelut/2006/pankinjohtaja-sinikka-salon-puhe-snellman-ja-suomen-markka--nayttelyn-avajaisissa-suomen-pankin-rahamuseossa/ | title = Pankinjohtaja Sinikka Salon puhe Snellman ja Suomen markka -näyttelyn avajaisissa Suomen Pankin rahamuseossa | publisher = Bank of Finland | date = 10 January 2006 | access-date = 7 December 2020 | language = fi | archive-date = 9 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100458/https://www.suomenpankki.fi/fi/media-ja-julkaisut/puheet-ja-haastattelut/2006/pankinjohtaja-sinikka-salon-puhe-snellman-ja-suomen-markka--nayttelyn-avajaisissa-suomen-pankin-rahamuseossa/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's [[national epic]], the ''[[Kalevala]]'', in 1835 and the legal equality of the Finnish language with Swedish in 1892. In the spirit of [[Adolf Ivar Arwidsson]] – "we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, so let us be Finns" – a Finnish national identity was established.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lefaivre|first1=Liane|last2=Tzonis|first2=Alexander|title=Architecture of Regionalism in the Age of Globalization: Peaks and Valleys in the Flat World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkYHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|year=2020|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-1-00-022106-0|page=144}}</ref> Nevertheless, there was no real independence movement in Finland until the early 20th century.<ref name="a1">{{cite book |last=Nordstrom |first=Byron J. |title=Scandinavia Since 1500 |year=2000 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis, US |isbn=978-0-8166-2098-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/scandinaviasince0000nord/page/143 143] |url=https://archive.org/details/scandinaviasince0000nord/page/143 }}</ref>

The [[Finnish famine of 1866–1868]] occurred after freezing temperatures in early September devastated crops and killed around 15% of the population, making it one of the worst [[famine]]s in European history.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nutrition and immunology: principles and practice |first1=M. Eric|last1= Gershwin|first2=J. Bruce |last2=German|first3= Carl L.|last3= Keen |publisher =Humana Press|year=2000 |isbn=0-89603-719-3}}</ref> The famine led the Russian Empire to relax financial regulations, and investment increased in the following decades. Economic development was rapid.<ref name="equity">{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/finland.pdf |title=Growth and Equity in Finland |publisher=World Bank |access-date=22 March 2008 |archive-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113032435/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/finland.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain.<ref name="equity" />
[[Image:Eduskunta1907.jpg|thumb|The first session of the [[Parliament of Finland]] in 1907]]
From 1869 to 1917, the Russian Empire pursued [[Russification of Finland|a policy of Russification]], which was suspended between 1905 and 1908. In 1906, [[universal suffrage]] was introduced in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, relations between the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government began to take steps to restrict Finland's special status and autonomy. For example, universal suffrage was virtually meaningless in practice, as the [[tsar]] did not have to approve any of the laws passed by the Finnish parliament. The desire for independence gained ground, first among radical [[Liberalism|liberals]]<ref>Mickelsson, Rauli (2007). ''Suomen puolueet—Historia, muutos ja nykypäivä''. Vastapaino. {{in lang|fi}}</ref> and [[Socialism|socialists]], partly driven by a declaration called the'' [[February Manifesto]]'' by the last tsar of the Russian Empire, [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]], on 15 February 1899.<ref>Alenius, Kari. "Russification in Estonia and Finland Before 1917", ''Faravid'', 2004, Vol. 28, pp. 181–194.</ref>