Editing Flute (section)

==Types==
[[File:Zampoña.jpg|thumb|right|Playing the ''[[Siku (panpipe)|zampoña]]'', a [[Cultural periods of Peru|Pre-Inca]] instrument and type of [[pan flute]].]]

In its most basic form, a flute is an open tube which is blown into. After focused study and training, players use controlled air-direction to create an airstream in which the air is aimed downward into the tone hole of the flute's headjoint. There are several broad classes of flutes. With most flutes, the musician blows directly across the edge of the mouthpiece, with 1/4 of their bottom lip covering the embouchure hole. However, some flutes, such as the [[whistle]], [[gemshorn]], [[flageolet]], [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]], [[tin whistle]], [[tonette]], [[fujara]], and [[ocarina]] have a duct that directs the air onto the edge (an arrangement that is termed a "[[fipple]]"). These are known as '''[[fipple flutes]]'''. The fipple gives the instrument a distinct timbre which is different from non-fipple flutes and makes the instrument easier to play, but takes a degree of control away from the musician.

Another division is between side-blown (or [[transverse flute|transverse]]) flutes, such as the Western concert flute, [[piccolo]], [[fife (musical instrument)|fife]], [[dizi (instrument)|dizi]] and [[bansuri]]; and '''[[end-blown flute]]s''', such as the [[ney]], [[Xiao (flute)|xiao]], [[kaval]], [[danso]], [[shakuhachi]], [[Anasazi flute]] and [[quena]]. The player of a side-blown flute uses a hole on the side of the tube to produce a tone, instead of blowing on an end of the tube. End-blown flutes should not be confused with fipple flutes such as the [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]], which are also played [[Vertical flute|vertically]] but have an internal duct to direct the air flow across the edge of the tone hole.

Flutes may be open at one or both ends. The [[ocarina]], [[Xun (instrument)|xun]], [[pan pipes]], [[police whistle]], and [[bosun's whistle]] are closed-ended. Open-ended flutes such as the concert flute and the recorder have more harmonics, and thus more flexibility for the player, and brighter timbres. An organ pipe may be either open or closed, depending on the sound desired.

Flutes may have any number of pipes or tubes, though one is the most common number. Flutes with multiple [[Acoustic resonance#Resonance of a tube of air|resonators]] may be played one resonator at a time (as is typical with pan pipes) or more than one at a time (as is typical with double flutes).

Flutes can be played with several different air sources. Conventional flutes are blown with the mouth, although some cultures use [[nose flute]]s. The [[flue pipe]]s of [[Pipe organ|organs]], which are acoustically similar to duct flutes, are blown by bellows or fans.

===Western transverse===
{{Main|Western concert flute}}
[[File:Flute with musicial notes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|[[Western concert flute]]]]

====Wooden one-keyed====
Usually in D, wooden transverse flutes were played in European classical music mainly in the period from the early 18th century to the early 19th century. As such, the instrument is often indicated as [[baroque flute]]. Gradually marginalized by the Western concert flute in the 19th century, baroque flutes were again played from the late 20th century as part of the [[historically informed performance]] practice.

====Concert====
[[File:Western concert flute.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|An illustration of a [[Western concert flute]]]]
The [[Western concert flute]], a descendant of the medieval German flute, is a transverse treble flute that is closed at the top. An ''[[embouchure]] hole'' is positioned near the top, and the flutist blows across it. The flute has circular tone holes larger than the finger holes of its baroque predecessors. The size and placement of tone holes, key mechanism, and fingering system used to produce the notes in the flute's [[Range (music)|range]] were evolved from 1832 to 1847 by [[Theobald Boehm]], who helped greatly improve the instrument's dynamic range and intonation over its predecessors.<ref>[[Theobald Boehm|Boehm, Theobald]]. (1964). ''The Flute and Flute-Playing in Acoustical, Technical, and Artistic Aspects'', translated by Dayton C. Miller, with a new introduction by Samuel Baron. New York: Dover Publications. {{ISBN|0-486-21259-9}}, pp. 8–12.</ref> With some refinements (and the rare exception of the Kingma system and other custom adapted fingering systems), Western concert flutes typically conform to Boehm's design, known as the [[Boehm system]]. Beginner's flutes are made of nickel, silver, or brass that is silver-plated, while professionals use solid silver, gold, and sometimes even platinum flutes. There are also modern wooden-bodied flutes usually with silver or gold keywork. The wood is usually [[African Blackwood]].

The standard concert flute is pitched in C and has a range of three [[octave]]s starting from [[middle C]] or one half step lower when a B foot is attached. This means that the concert flute is one of the highest-pitched common [[orchestra]] and [[concert band]] instruments.
[[File:Piccolo on red backdrop.jpg|thumb|Grenadilla wood piccolo with a modified wave headjoint]]

====Concert variants====
[[File:Joueuse de flûte à Château-Thierry.jpg|thumb|right|Center: Piccolo. Right: larger flute]]
The [[piccolo]] plays an octave higher than the regular treble flute. Lower members of the flute family include the [[Alto flute|G alto]] and [[Bass flute|C bass]] flutes that are used occasionally, and are pitched a perfect fourth and an octave below the concert flute, respectively. The [[Contra-alto flute|contra-alto]], [[Contrabass flute|contrabass]], [[Subcontrabass flute|subcontrabass]], [[Double contrabass flute|double contrabass]], and [[Hyperbass flute|hyperbass]] flutes are other rare forms of the flute pitched up to four octaves below middle C.

Other sizes of flutes and piccolos are used from time to time. A rarer instrument of the modern pitching system is the G [[treble flute]]. Instruments made according to an older pitch standard, used principally in wind-band music, include D{{music|flat}} piccolo, E{{music|flat}} [[soprano flute]] (Keyed a minor 3rd above the standard C flute), F alto flute, and B{{music|flat}} bass flute.

===Indian===
{{Further|Bansuri|Venu}}
[[File:Indian bamboo flute.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] eight-holed bamboo flute]]

[[File:Eight Flute1.JPG|thumb|An eight-holed classical Indian bamboo flute.]]

The [[bamboo flute]] is an important instrument in [[Indian classical music]], and developed independently of the Western flute. The [[Hindu]] God Lord [[Krishna]] is traditionally considered a master of the bamboo flute. The Indian flutes are very simple compared to the Western counterparts; they are made of [[bamboo]] and are keyless.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music |last=Arnold |first=Alison |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=[[London]] |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |page=354 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC}}</ref>

Two main varieties of Indian flutes are currently used. The first, the [[Bansuri]] (बांसुरी), has six finger holes and one embouchure hole, and is used predominantly in the [[Hindustani music]] of Northern India. The second, the [[Venu]] or Pullanguzhal, has eight finger holes, and is played predominantly in the [[Carnatic music]] of Southern India. Presently, the eight-holed flute with cross-fingering technique is common among many Carnatic flutists. Prior to this, the South Indian flute had only seven finger holes, with the fingering standard developed by Sharaba Shastri, of the Palladam school, at the beginning of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Dictionary of Hindustani Classical Music |last1= Caudhurī|first1=Vimalakānta Rôya|last2=Roychaudhuri|first2=Bimalakanta |year= 2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publication |location=[[Kolkata]] |isbn=978-81-208-1708-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQWLa--IHjIC}}</ref>
[[File:Cipriano Garcia playing a flute of the Tohono O'odham culture.jpg|thumb|Cipriano Garcia playing a flute of the [[Tohono Oʼodham|Tohono O'odham]] culture. Photograph by [[Frances Densmore]] taken in 1919.]]
The quality of the flute's sound depends somewhat on the specific [[bamboo]] used to make it, and it is generally agreed that the best bamboo grows in the [[Nagercoil]] area of South India.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rough Guide to South India 3 |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Guides |first2=Rough |last3=Edwards |first3=Nick |last4=Ford |first4=Mike |last5=Sen |first5=Devdan |last6=Wooldridge |first6= Beth |year=2004 |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |location=[[London]] |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6 |pages=670, 671 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC}}</ref>

In 1998 [[Bharata Natya Shastra's|Bharata Natya Shastra]] [[Sarana Chatushtai]], [[Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan]] developed a methodology to produce perfectly tuned flutes for the ten 'thatas' currently present in Indian Classical Music.<ref>Paper authored by Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan unveiling the fundamental principles governing Indian classical music by research on Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra at the National Symposium on Acoustics (1998), ITC Sangeet Research Academy, Calcutta, India.</ref>

In a regional dialect of Gujarati, a flute is also called Pavo.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/AatluOKqQJM Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190901181953/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AatluOKqQJM&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AatluOKqQJM| title = Jodiyo Pavo by Mubarak Ali Husain 2016 | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 24 March 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Some people can also play pair of flutes (Jodiyo Pavo) simultaneously.

===Chinese===
{{Main|Chinese flutes}}
In China there are many varieties of [[dizi (instrument)|dizi]] (笛子), or Chinese flute, with different sizes, structures (with or without a resonance membrane) and number of holes (from 6 to 11) and intonations (different keys). Most are made of bamboo, but can come in wood, jade, bone, and iron. One peculiar feature of the Chinese flute is the use of a resonance membrane mounted on one of the holes that vibrates with the air column inside the tube. This membrane is called a ''[[di mo]]'', which is usually a thin tissue paper. It gives the flute a bright sound.

Commonly seen flutes in the modern Chinese orchestra are the [[bangdi]] (梆笛), [[qudi]] (曲笛), [[Xindi (instrument)|xindi]] (新笛), and [[Dadi (instrument)|dadi]] (大笛). The bamboo flute played vertically is called the [[Xiao (flute)|xiao]] (簫), which is a different category of wind instrument in China.

=== Korean ===
{{Main|Daegeum}}
The Korean flute, called the [[daegeum]], 대금, is a large bamboo transverse flute used in traditional Korean music. It has a buzzing membrane that gives it a unique timbre.{{Clarify|date=May 2020|reason=The Chinese flute, called dizi, is described in the immediately preceding section as also having a buzzing membrane. How is the daegeum's timbre so unlike that of the dizi that it can be called "unique"?}}

===Japanese===
{{Main|Fue (flute)}}

The Japanese flute, called the [[fue (flute)|fue]], {{lang|ja|笛}} ([[hiragana]]: {{lang|ja|ふえ}}), encompasses a large number of musical flutes from Japan, include the end-blown [[shakuhachi]] and [[hotchiku]], as well as the transverse [[gakubue]], [[komabue]], [[ryūteki]], [[nōkan]], [[shinobue]], [[kagurabue]] and [[minteki]].

===Sodina and suling===
[[File:Sodina Flute of Madagascar.jpg|thumb|right|A [[sodina]] player in Madagascar]]

The [[sodina]] is an end-blown flute found throughout the island state of [[Madagascar]], located in the Indian Ocean off southeastern Africa. One of the oldest instruments on the island, it bears close resemblance to end-blown flutes found in Southeast Asia and particularly Indonesia, where it is known as the ''[[suling]]'', suggesting the predecessor to the sodina was carried to Madagascar in outrigger canoes by the island's original settlers emigrating from Borneo.<ref name="Musical Standard">{{Cite journal | last = Shaw | first = Geo | title = Music among the Malagasy | journal = The Musical Standard | volume = 17 | issue = 797 | page = 297 | date = 8 November 1879 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rQAtAAAAYAAJ&q=Music+among+the+Malagasy+musical+standard&pg=PA297 | access-date = 15 November 2010}}</ref> An image of the most celebrated contemporary sodina flutist, [[Rakoto Frah]] (d. 2001), was featured on the [[ariary|local currency]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Maminirina |first=Rado |title=Le billet Rakoto Frah vaut de l'or |newspaper=Express de Madagascar |date=15 July 2011 |url=http://www.lexpressmada.com/4969/patrimoine-madagascar/25398-le-billet-rakoto-frah-vaut-de-l-or.html |access-date=7 October 2012 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509011709/http://www.lexpressmada.com/4969/patrimoine-madagascar/25398-le-billet-rakoto-frah-vaut-de-l-or.html |archive-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Sring===
The [[sring]] (also called ''blul'') is a relatively small, end-blown flute with a nasal tone quality<ref name="Pahlevanian 2001">Pahlevanian, Alina. (2001). "Armenia §I: Folk Music, 3: Epics", in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers.</ref> found in the Caucasus region of Eastern Armenia. It is made of wood or cane, usually with seven finger holes and one thumb hole,<ref name="Pahlevanian 2001"/> producing a diatonic scale. One Armenian musicologist believes the sring to be the most characteristic of national Armenian instruments.<ref>Komitas, Vardapet. (1994). ''Grakan nshkhark' Komitas Vardapeti beghun grch'ēn: npast mē Komitas Vardapeti srbadasman harts'in'', edited by Abel Oghlukian. Montreal: Ganatahayots' Aṛajnordarani "K'ristonēakan Usman ew Astuatsabanut'ean Kedron".</ref>

===Ọjà===
[[File:Oja.jpg|thumb|The Ọjà, which is a traditional Igbo flute]]
The [[Ọjà]] {{IPAc-en||audio=LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Olugold-Ọjà.wav}} is a traditional musical instrument utilized by the [[Igbo people]], who are indigenous to [[Nigeria]]. The ọjà (flute) is used during cultural activities or events where [[Igbo music]] is played. It is skillfully carved from wood/bamboo or metal and is played by blowing air into one end while covering and uncovering holes along the body to create different notes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Simwa |first=Adrianna |date=2017-09-22 |title=Top 10 Igbo Traditional Musical Instruments |url=https://www.legit.ng/1126026-igbo-musical-instruments-names.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Legit.ng – Nigeria news. |language=en}}</ref>