Editing Forced displacement (section)

=== Natural causes ===
Forced displacement may directly result from [[natural disaster]]s and indirectly from the subsequent impact on [[infrastructure]], food and water access, and local/regional economies. Displacement may be temporary or permanent, depending on the scope of the disaster and the area's recovery capabilities. [[Climate change]] is increasing the frequency of major natural disasters, possibly placing a greater number of populations in situations of forced displacement.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Jayawardhan|first=Shweta|date=2017|title=Vulnerability and Climate Change Induced Human Displacement|journal=Consilience|issue=17|pages=103–142|issn=1948-3074|jstor=26188784}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Citation|last=McAdam|first=Jane|title=Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law|date=2012-02-01|pages=237–266|chapter=Overarching Normative Principles|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587087.003.0010|isbn=9780199587087|author-link=Jane McAdam}}</ref> Also [[crop failure]]s due to [[blight]] and/or [[Pest (organism)|pests]] fall within this category by affecting people's access to food. Additionally, the term [[environmental refugee]] represents people who are forced to leave their traditional habitat because of environmental factors which negatively impact their livelihood, or even environmental disruption i.e. biological, physical or chemical change in ecosystem.<ref name=":22">Terminski, Bogumil. Environmentally-Induced Displacement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges, University de Liege, 2012</ref> Migration can also occur as a result of slow-onset [[climate change]], such as [[desertification]] or [[sea-level rise]], of deforestation or [[land degradation]].

==== Examples of forced displacement caused by natural disasters ====

[[File:Damage in Nias from the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Indonesia 2005. Photo- AusAID (10691224953).jpg|thumb|Damage to residence in Nias, Indonesia from the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]]
* [[2024 LA Fires]]: LA Fires displacing approximately 200,000 people.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/california-fires-facts-faqs-how-to-help | title=California fires: Facts, FAQs, and how to help | date=3 February 2025 }}</ref>
* [[2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]]: Resulting from a 9.1 earthquake off the coast of North Sumatra, the Indian Ocean Tsunami claimed over 227,898 lives, heavily damaging coastlines throughout the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/indo_1204.html|publisher=NOAA Center for Tsunami Research |title=Tsunami Event - December 26, 2004 The Indian Ocean Tsunami|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> As a result, over 1.7 million people were displaced, mostly from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Internationally displaced people|url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~sigur/assets/docs/scap/SCAP25-Tsunami2.pdf|access-date=2022-01-03}}</ref>
*[[Hurricane Katrina]] (2005): Striking New Orleans, Louisiana, in late August 2005, Hurricane Katrina inflicted approximately US$125 billion in damages, standing as one of the costliest storms in United States history.<ref>Blake, Eric S, and Landsea, Christopher W. (August 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110929015606/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United  States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts)"].{{Dead link|date=January 2022}} ''NOAA Technical Memorandum''.</ref> As a result of the damage inflicted by Katrina, over one million people were internally displaced. One month after the disaster, over 600,000 remained displaced. Immediately following the disaster, New Orleans lost approximately half of its population, with many residents displaced to cities such as Houston, Dallas, Baton Rouge, and Atlanta. According to numerous studies, displacement disproportionally impacted Louisiana's poorer populations, specifically African Americans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Camprubí|first=Alejandra Torres|date=November 2013|title=Climate Change, Forced Displacement and International Law, by Jane McAdam, published by Oxford University Press, 2012, 344pp., £74.00, hardback |type=book review|journal=Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law|volume=22|issue=3|pages=373–375|doi=10.1111/reel.12036_2|bibcode=2013RECIE..22..373C }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sastry|first1=Narayan|last2=Gregory|first2=Jesse|date=2014-06-01|title=The Location of Displaced New Orleans Residents in the Year After Hurricane Katrina|journal=Demography|volume=51|issue=3|pages=753–775|doi=10.1007/s13524-014-0284-y|issn=1533-7790|pmc=4048822|pmid=24599750}}</ref>
*[[2011 East Africa drought]]: Failed rains in Somalia, Kenya, and Ethiopia led to high livestock and crop losses, driving majority pastoralist populations to surrounding areas in search of accessible food and water.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FSNAU_FEWSNET_020811press%20release_030811_final.pdf|access-date=2022-01-03}}</ref> In addition to seeking food and water, local populations' migration was motivated by an inability to maintain traditional lifestyles.<ref name=":13"/> According to researchers,{{which|date=October 2023}} although partly influenced by local armed conflict, the East African drought stands as an example of climate change impacts.