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Franz Josef Land
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==Geography== {{main|Geography of Franz Josef Land}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2014}} [[File:Ziegler Island.jpg|thumb|Cape Brice, Ziegler Island, Franz Josef Land]] The archipelago constitutes the northernmost part of Russia's Arkhangelsk Oblast, located between 79°46′ and 81°52′ north and 44°52′ and 62°25′ east. It is situated {{convert|360|km|sp=us}} north of [[Novaya Zemlya]] and {{convert|260|km|sp= us}} east of the Norwegian archipelago of [[Svalbard]].<ref name=b8>Barr (1995): 8</ref> Located within the Arctic Ocean, Franz Josef Land constitutes the northeastern border of the Barents Sea and the northwestern border of the Kara Sea.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The islands are {{convert|900|km|sp= us}} from the [[North Pole]] and {{convert|750|km|sp= us}} from the [[Yamal Peninsula]], the closest point of the [[Eurasia]]n mainland.<ref name=b8 /> The archipelago falls within [[boundaries between continents|varying definitions of the Asia–Europe border]], and is therefore variously defined as part of Asia or of Europe. Cape Flighely, situated at 81°50′ north, is the [[extreme points of Eurasia|northernmost point in Eurasia]] and the [[Eastern Hemisphere]],<ref name=b8 /> and of either [[extreme points of Europe|Europe]] or [[extreme points of Asia|Asia]], depending on the continental definition.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} It is the [[List of countries by northernmost point|third-closest]] landmass to the North Pole.<ref name=luck>Lück (2008): 182</ref> [[File:Вид на остров Бэлл.jpg|thumb|[[Bell Island (Franz Josef Land)|Bell Island]]]] The archipelago comprises 191 uninhabited islands with a combined area of {{convert|16134|km2|sp= us}}. These stretch {{convert|375|km|sp=us}} from east to west and {{convert|234|km|sp=us}} from north to south.<ref name=b8 /> One can categorize the islands into three groups, a western, central and eastern, separated by the British Channel and the Austrian Strait. The central group is further divided into a northern and southern section by [[Markham Sound|the Markham Strait]]. Graham Bell Island is separated from the eastern group by the Severo–Vostochnyi Strait.<ref name=b9>Barr (1995): 9</ref> There are two named island clusters: [[Zichy Land]] north of [[Markham Sound]]; and [[Belaya Zemlya]] to the extreme northeast.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} The straits are narrow, between several hundred meters to {{convert|3|km|sp=us|0}} wide. They reach depths of {{convert|500|to|600|m|sp=us}}, {{convert|150|to|300|m|sp=us|-2}} below the shelf of the Barents Sea.<ref name=b9 /> The largest island is [[Zemlya Georga|Prince George Land]], which measures {{convert|2741|km2|sp=us}}. Three additional islands exceed {{convert|1000|km2|sp=us}} in size: [[Wilczek Land]], [[Graham Bell Island]] and [[Alexandra Land]]. Five more islands exceed {{convert|500|km2|sp=us}}: [[Hall Island (Arctic)|Hall Island]], [[Salisbury Island (Russia)|Salisbury Island]], [[McClintock Island]], [[Jackson Island]] and [[Hooker Island]]. The smallest 135 islands constitute 0.4 percent of the archipelago's area.<ref name=b8 /> The highest elevation is a peak on Wilczek Land, which rises {{convert|670|m|sp=us}} above mean sea level. [[Victoria Island (Russia)|Victoria Island]], located {{convert|170|km|sp=us}} to the west of Alexandra Land, is administratively part of the archipelago, but the island is not geographically part of the island group and is closer to Svalbard, located {{convert|60|km|sp=us}} from [[Kvitøya]].<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.franz-josef-land.info/index.php?id=687&L=5 |title=Victoria Island}}</ref>
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