Editing Frequency modulation synthesis (section)

=== Don Buchla (mid-1960s) ===
[[Don Buchla]] implemented FM on his instruments in the mid-1960s, prior to Chowning's patent. His 158, 258 and 259 dual oscillator modules had a specific FM control voltage input,<ref name="buchla100">
{{cite book
 | author    = Dr. Hubert Howe<!-- (Queens College, NY) -->
 | title     = Buchla Electronic Music System: Users Manual written for CBS Musical Instruments (Buchla 100 Owner's Manual)
 | url       = https://archive.org/details/synthmanual-buchla-100-owners-manual
 | publisher = Educational Research Department, CBS Musical Instruments, Columbia Broadcasting System
 | publication-date = 1960s
 | page      = [https://archive.org/download/synthmanual-buchla-100-owners-manual/buchla100ownersmanual.pdf#page=7 7]
 | quote     = ''At this point we may consider various additional signal modifications that we may wish to make to the series of tones produced by the above example. For instance, if we would like to add frequency modulation to the tones, it is necessary to patch another audio signal into the jack connected by a line to the middle dial on the Model 158 Dual Sine-Sawtooth Oscillator. ...''
}}
</ref> and the model 208 (Music Easel) had a modulation oscillator hard-wired to allow FM as well as AM of the primary oscillator.<ref name="buchla music easel">
{{cite book
 | author    = Atten Strange
 | title     = Programming and Metaprogramming in the Electro-Organism - An Operating Directive for the Music Easel
 | url       = https://archive.org/details/synthmanual-buchla-music-easel-owners-manual
 | publisher = Buchla and Associates
 | publication-date = 1974
}}
</ref> These early applications used analog oscillators, and this capability was also followed by other modular synthesizers and portable synthesizers including [[Minimoog]] and [[ARP Odyssey]].