Editing Gall (section)

=== Differentiation ===

* Development of novel cell types: Galls exhibit unique cell types such as abnormally thick-walled dead cells (e.g., xylary elements and sclereids) and thin-walled living cells. These cells differentiate in specific patterns, contributing to the structure of the gall.<ref name="Gasson 2000">{{cite journal |last=Gasson |first=P |date=September 2000 |title=Fink S. 1999.Pathological and regenerative plant anatomy. Encyclopedia of plant anatomy XIV. 1095 pp. Berlin, Stuttgart: Gebrüder Borntraeger. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1242 |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=707–708 |doi=10.1006/anbo.2000.1242 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maresquelle |first1=H. J. |title=Physiologie et morphogenèse des galles d'origine animale (zoocécidies) |date=1965 |work=Differenzierung und Entwicklung / Differentiation and Development |pages=1927–1976 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50088-6_49 |access-date=2024-05-09 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-642-50090-9 |last2=Meyer |first2=J.|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-50088-6_49 }}</ref><ref name=":Rohfritsch 1982">{{cite journal |last1=Rohfritsch |first1=O. |title=Insect Galls |date=1982 |journal=Molecular Biology of Plant Tumors |pages=131–152 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-394380-4.50011-6 |access-date=2024-05-09 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-394380-4 |last2=Shorthouse |first2=J.D.|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-394380-4.50011-6 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Nutritive tissue: Most galls contain specialized nutritive tissue that provides nutrition to the inducing arthropod and sometimes to their progeny. The structure of this tissue varies depending on the insect species inducing the gall and their feeding behaviors. Nutritive tissue differentiation is influenced by the length and nature of the insect's mouthparts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bronner |first1=R. |last2=Westphal |first2=E. |last3=Dreger |first3=F. |date=February 1989 |title=Chitosan, a component of the compatible interaction between Solanum dulcamara L. and the gall mite Eriophyes cladophthirus Nal |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-5765(89)90020-9 |journal=Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=117–130 |doi=10.1016/0885-5765(89)90020-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Characteristics of nutritive cells: Nutritive cells exhibit dynamic features such as enriched cytoplasm, fragmented vacuoles, hypertrophied nucleus and nucleolus, and abundant cell [[organelle]]s. They contain elevated levels of carbohydrates, lipids, soluble sugars, and proteins, along with intense phosphatase activity.<ref name="Gasson 2000"/>
* Changes in nutritive tissue: The activity of the nutritive tissue is maintained as long as the inhabiting larva continues to feed. However, when feeding ceases, the dynamic profile of the tissue gradually diminishes, and it is eventually replaced by inactive parenchyma. Removal or death of the [[larva]] leads to rapid changes in the distribution of carbohydrates and lipids within the tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schwartz |first=W. |date=1966 |title=M. S. Mani, Ecology of Plant Galls (Monogr. Biol. Vol. XII). 434 u. XII S., 164 Abb., 9 Taf. The Hague 1964: Dr. W. Junk Publishers. 40.-hfl |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.3630060116 |journal=Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=91 |doi=10.1002/jobm.3630060116 |doi-broken-date=2 December 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Accumulation of [[Phenolic acid|phenolic]] substances: Cells lining the larval chamber in mature-old galls accumulate phenolic substances, indicating changes in gall tissue composition over time.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jensen |first=P. Boysen |date=January 1948 |title=Formation of Galls by Mikiola fagi |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1948.tb07113.x |journal=Physiologia Plantarum |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=95–108 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3054.1948.tb07113.x |issn=0031-9317|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Mineral content: Gall tissues contain elevated levels of various minerals, which may play a role in gall development and function.<ref name=":7">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mapes |first=Carol C. |title=Gall Formation |date=2005 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Entomology |pages=942–944 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_1732 |access-date=2024-05-09 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/0-306-48380-7_1732 |isbn=978-0-306-48380-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Barnes 1993" />