Editing Gatorade (section)

==Research and development==
[[File:Gatorade Sports Science Institute.jpg|thumb|left|The Gatorade Sports Science Institute on West Main Street in [[Barrington, Illinois]].]]
Gatorade's inventors went on to develop new sports drinks. Gatorade's owners sued to acquire rights to these new products, but they never made them available publicly. First, Shires and Cade developed Go!, a drink that, unlike Gatorade, contained protein to stimulate muscular recovery. Stokley-Van Camp paid "a fee to have the exclusive rights for some period of time, but they never did develop it".<ref>{{cite web|last=Shires|first=Dana|title=Dana Leroy Shires, Jr.|url=http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00006306/00001/19j?search=chocolate+milk|publisher=University of Florida Digital Collection|access-date=2014-03-21}}</ref>

In 1989, Cade created a new sports drink that he claimed was more effective than Gatorade. The new product was called TQ2, shorthand for Thirst Quencher 2. The patent application read:

"The invention described here is a novel fluid composition which surprisingly and advantageously maintains blood volume at levels well above those observed in the absence of fluids or even with Gatorade."<ref>{{cite book|last=Rovell|first=Darren|title=First in Thirst: How Gatorade Turned the Science of Sweat Into a Cultural Phenomenon|date=September 2, 2005|publisher=AMACOM|isbn=0814410952|page=191}}</ref>

In an experiment with cyclists, Cade found that TQ2 allowed athletes to endure for 30% longer than Gatorade.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lloyd|first=Barbara|title=Gatorade Challenged|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/24/news/gatorade-challenged.html|access-date=2014-03-21|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1990-12-24}}</ref>

Cade pitched the TQ2 product to Pepsi and other beverage companies. Meanwhile, Gatorade's owner Quaker sued Cade. After years of legal proceedings, Cade was forced to sell TQ2 to Quaker in 1993. Quaker "bagged" TQ2, never releasing it to the public.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shires|first=Dana|title=Dana Leroy Shires Jr.|url=http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00006306/00001/20?search=tq2|publisher=University of Florida Digital Collections|access-date=2014-03-21}}</ref> Gatorade claimed that its research found that TQ2 was not an improvement over the original Gatorade formula. Cade, on the other hand, continued to stand by his product. He accused Quaker and Gatorade of stifling the publication of the research behind TQ2.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rovell|first=Darren|title=First in Thirst: How Gatorade Turned the Science of Sweat Into a Cultural Phenomenon|date=September 2, 2005|publisher=AMACOM|isbn=0814410952|page=194}}</ref>

[[File:Gatorade facility (6837738405).jpg|thumb|Inside the facility in 2012]]
The Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI), a research facility operated in [[Barrington, Illinois]], has been featured in a number of the company's commercials.<ref name="GSSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gssiweb.com/Histroy_GSSI.aspx?ExpandMenu=6|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708090316/http://www.gssiweb.com/Histroy_GSSI.aspx?ExpandMenu=6|url-status=dead|title=Gatorade Sports Science Institute|website=Gssiweb.com|archive-date=July 8, 2009|access-date=March 11, 2022}}</ref> Established in 1985 and closed in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schroeder |first=Eric |date=April 15, 2022 |title=PepsiCo to Close Illinois R&D Facility |url=https://www.foodbusinessnews.net/articles/21149-pepsico-to-close-illinois-r-and-d-facility |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216113833/https://www.foodbusinessnews.net/articles/21149-pepsico-to-close-illinois-r-and-d-facility |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=June 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name=factsheetGatorade /> this organization consisted of scientists studying the correlation and effects of exercise, environmental variables, and nutrition on the human body. According to [[Darren Rovell]], "GSSI was created at a time when there was a lot of scientific controversy, since there wasn't much public evidence that Gatorade actually worked...GSSI was also created to be part of Gatorade's powerful marketing arm."<ref>{{cite book|last=Rovell|first=Darren|title=First in Thirst: How Gatorade Turned the Science of Sweat Into a Cultural Phenomenon|date=September 2, 2005|publisher=AMACOM|isbn=0814410952|pages=195}}</ref>

It regularly conducted testing and research on how hydration and nutrition affect athletic performance.<ref name="GSSI"/> Professional athletes such as [[Eli Manning]]<ref name="foxeli">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fox5ny.com/|title=FOX 5 New York|date=February 28, 2023|website=FOX 5 New York}}</ref> as well as collegiate and amateur athletes have been involved in fitness testing programs at the GSSI, which in part have led to innovations in new Gatorade formula variations and product lines.<ref name="sportsillustrated">{{cite magazine|last=Konecky|first=Chad|title=Sports drinks like Gatorade hydrate better than water|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=July 19, 2006|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/highschool/07/19/gatorade.study/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117113015/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/highschool/07/19/gatorade.study/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 17, 2013|access-date=December 2, 2010}}</ref>

In 2001, the GSSI observed that professional race car drivers were not maintaining adequate levels of hydration during races, attributable to the nature of drivers enduring multiple-hour races in high temperatures. As a result, it developed a product called the "Gatorade In-Car Drinking System", which has since been implemented in the vehicles of many professional race car drivers.<ref name=racecardr>{{cite news |last=Circelli |first=Deborah |title=Race drivers struggle to stay cool |url=http://www.news-journalonline.com/news/local/east-volusia/2010/07/02/race-drivers-struggle-to-stay-cool.html |access-date=January 19, 2011 |newspaper=The Daytona Beach News-Journal |date=July 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111014751/http://www.news-journalonline.com/news/local/east-volusia/2010/07/02/race-drivers-struggle-to-stay-cool.html |archive-date=November 11, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref>

In addition to the former Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Gatorade sponsors external health and fitness research. In 1992, Gatorade paid the [[American College of Sports Medicine]] (ACSM) $250,000. A year later, Gatorade and the American College of Sports Medicine held a roundtable meeting on "exercise and fluid replacement".<ref>{{cite web|last=Thring|first=Oliver|title=Do sports drinks and hydration theory hold any water?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2012/aug/07/sports-drinks-hydration-theory-water|work=The Guardian|date=August 7, 2012|access-date=2014-03-14}}</ref> The ACSM published the meeting's results in 1996, advising athletes to drink "at a rate sufficient to replace all the water lost through sweating" or "the maximal amount that can be tolerated".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Convertino|first=V. A.|title=American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement.|journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise|pmid=9303999|volume=28|issue=1|year=1996|pages=i–vii|doi=10.1097/00005768-199610000-00045|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gatorade continues to sponsor the American College of Sports Medicine, though the exact amount it pays is not public.<ref>{{cite web|last=American College of Sports Medicine|title=About ACSM Partners and Sponsors|url=http://www.acsm.org/about-acsm/partners-sponsors/sponsors|publisher=American College of Sports Medicine|access-date=2014-03-14}}</ref>