Editing General Government (section)

==Administration==
{{Main|General Government administration}}
The General Government was administered by a General-Governor ({{langx|de|Generalgouverneur}}) aided by the Office of the General-Governor ({{langx|de|Amt des Generalgouverneurs}}; changed on December 9, 1940, to the Government of the General Government, {{langx|de|Regierung des Generalgouvernements}}). For the entire period of the General Government's existence there was only one General-Governor: Dr. Hans Frank. The [[NSDAP]] structure in General Government was ''Arbeitsbereich Generalgouvernement'' led by Frank.

The Office was headed by Chief of the Government ({{langx|de|Regierung |translation=government}}), [[Josef Bühler]], who was also the [[State Secretary]] ({{langx|de|Staatssekretär}}). From October 1939 to May 1940, [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]] was the Deputy General-Governor. After his departure, Bühler served as Frank's deputy through January 1945. Several other individuals had powers to issue legislative decrees in addition to the General-Governor, most notably the Higher [[SS and Police Leader]] of the General Government (SS-''[[Obergruppenführer]]'' [[Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger]]; from October 1943: SS-''Obergruppenführer'' [[Wilhelm Koppe]]).

[[File:Announcement of death of 100 of Polish hostages shot by Nazi-German authority in Poland 1941.jpg|thumb|upright|Announcement of the execution of 60 Polish hostages and a list of 40 new hostages taken by Nazi authorities in Poland, 1943]]
{{blockquote|No government protectorate is anticipated for Poland, but a complete German administration. (...) Leadership layer of the population in Poland should be as far as possible, disposed of. The other lower layers of the population will receive no special schools, but are to be oppressed in some form. — Excerpt from the minutes of the first conference of Heads of the main police officers and commanders of operational groups led by Heydrich's deputy, SS-''[[Brigadefuhrer]]'' Dr. [[Werner Best]], Berlin 7 September 1939<ref>"Man to man...", Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa, Warsaw 2011, English version</ref>}}

The General Government had no [[Diplomatic recognition|international recognition]]. The territories it administered were never either in whole or part intended as any future Polish state within a German-dominated Europe. According to the Nazi government the Polish state had effectively ceased to exist, in spite of the existence of a [[Polish government-in-exile]].<ref name="Majer2"/> The General Government had the character of a type of [[colony|colonial state]]. It was not a Polish [[puppet government]], as there were no Polish representatives above the local administration.

The government seat of the General Government was located in Kraków (German: ''{{lang|de|Krakau}}''; {{langx|en|Cracow}}) rather than in [[Warsaw]] for security reasons. The official state language was German, although Polish continued in use by local government. Useful institutions of the old Polish state were retained for ease of administration. The Polish police, with no high-ranking Polish officers (they were arrested or demoted), was reorganised as the [[Blue Police]] and became subordinated to the ''[[Ordnungspolizei]]''. The Polish educational system was similarly retained, but most higher institutions were closed. The Polish local administration was kept, subordinated to new German bosses. The Polish fiscal system, including the [[Polish zloty|zloty]] currency, remained in use but with revenues going to the German state. A new bank was created; it issued new banknotes.

The Germans sought to play [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainians]] and Poles off against each other. Within ethnic Ukrainian areas annexed by Germany, beginning in October 1939, Ukrainian Committees were established with the purpose of representing the Ukrainian community to the German authorities and assisting the approximately 30,000 Ukrainian refugees who fled from Soviet-controlled territories. These committees also undertook cultural and economic activities that had been banned by the previous Polish government. Schools, choirs, reading societies and theaters were opened, and twenty Ukrainian churches that had been closed by the Polish government reopened. By March 1941, there were 808 Ukrainian educational societies with 46,000 members.

A Ukrainian publishing house and periodical press was set up in Cracow,<ref name="himka98">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036740 |jstor=41036740 |title="Krakivs'ki visti": An Overview |last1=Himka |first1=John-Paul |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |year=1998 |volume=22 |pages=251–261 |access-date=2022-05-29 |archive-date=2022-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529172523/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036740 |url-status=live }}</ref> which – despite having to struggle with German censors and paper shortages – succeeded in publishing school textbooks, classics of [[Ukrainian literature]], and the works of dissident Ukrainian writers from the Soviet Union. ''[[Krakivs'ki Visti]]'' was headed by Frank until the end of World War II and had as editor [[Michael Chomiak]]. It was "the leading legal newspaper" of the General Government and "attracted more (and better) contributors among whom were the most prominent Ukrainian cultural figures of the (early) 20th century."<ref name="gyidel19">{{cite journal |last1=Gyidel |first1=Ernest |year=2019 |title=The Ukrainian Legal Press of the General Government: The Case of Krakivski Visti, 1940-1944 |journal=The Ukrainian Legal Press of the General Government |doi=10.7939/r3-7x8g-9w02}}</ref>

Ukrainian organizations within the General Government were able to negotiate the release of 85,000 Ukrainian prisoners of war from the German-Polish conflict (although they were unable to help Soviet POWs of Ukrainian ethnicity).<ref>Myroslav Yurkevich. (1986). Galician Ukrainians in German Military Formations and in the German Administration. In: ''Ukraine during World War II: history and its aftermath : a symposium'' (Yuri Boshyk, Roman Waschuk, Andriy Wynnyckyj, Eds.). Edmonton: University of Alberta, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press pp. 73-74</ref>

After the war, the Polish [[Supreme National Tribunal]] declared that the government of the General Government was a [[crime|criminal]] institution.

===Judicial system===
[[File:Hans Frank’s ordinance on counteracting the acts of violence in Generalgouvernement 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Part of Hans Frank's ordinance from 31 October 1939 on ''"counteracting the acts of violence in the General Government"'']]

Other than summary German military tribunals, no courts operated in Poland between the German invasion and early 1940. At that time, the Polish court system was reinstated and made decisions in cases not concerning German interests, for which a parallel German court-system was established. The German system was given priority in cases of overlapping jurisdiction.

New laws were passed, discriminating against ethnic Poles and, in particular, the Jews. In 1941 a new [[criminal law]] was introduced, introducing many new crimes, and making the [[death penalty]] very common. The death penalty was introduced for, among other things:
*on October 31, 1939, for any acts against the German government
*on January 21, 1940, for economic speculation
*on February 20, 1940, for spreading [[sexually-transmitted disease]]s
*on July 31, 1940, for any Polish officers who did not register immediately with the German administration (to be taken to [[prisoner of war]] camps)
*on November 10, 1941, for giving any assistance to Jews
*on July 11, 1942, for farmers who failed to provide requested crops
*on July 24, 1943, for not joining the forced labor battalions ([[Baudienst]]) when requested
*on October 2, 1943, for impeding the [[German Reconstruction Plan]]

===Policing===
The police in the General Government was divided into:

*''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (OrPo) (native German)
*the [[Blue Police]] (Polish under German control)
*''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (native German) composed of:
**''[[Kriminalpolizei]]'' (German)
**[[Gestapo]] (German)

The most numerous [[Ordnungspolizei#Police Battalions|OrPo battalions]] focused on traditional security roles as an occupying force. Some of them were directly involved in [[Pacification actions in German-occupied Poland|the pacification operations]].<ref name="Browning2007">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQdRHNdK44C&q=%22Bloody+Sunday%22 |title=The Origins of the Final Solution |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |date=1 May 2007 |access-date=4 December 2014 |author=Christopher R. Browning |pages=349, 361 |isbn=978-0803203921 |id=Google eBook |author-link=Christopher R. Browning}}</ref> In the immediate aftermath of World War II, this latter role was obscured both by the lack of court evidence and by deliberate obfuscation, while most of the focus was on the better-known ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'' ("Operational groups") who reported to [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt|RSHA]] led by [[Reinhard Heydrich]].<ref>Hillberg, Raul, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HinIpmliz2MC The Destruction of the European Jews]'', Holmes & Meir: NY, NY, 1985, pp 100–106.</ref> On 6&nbsp;May 1940 ''Gauleiter'' Hans Frank, stationed in occupied [[Kraków]], established the ''[[Sonderdienst]]'', based on similar ''[[SS]]'' formations called ''[[Selbstschutz]]'' operating in the [[Reichsgau Wartheland|''Warthegau'']] district of German-annexed western part of Poland since 1939.<ref name="Yad Vashem">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcDXaeukt4sC&q=Sonderdienst |title=Yad Vashem Studies |publisher=Wallstein Verlag |year=2001 |access-date= 12 May 2014 |author=The Erwin and Riva Baker Memorial Collection |journal=Yad Washem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance |pages=57–58 |issn=0084-3296}}</ref> ''Sonderdienst'' were made up of ethnic German ''[[Volksdeutsche]]'' who lived in Poland before the attack and joined the invading force thereafter. However, after the 1941 [[Operation Barbarossa]] they included also the Soviet [[prisoners of war]] who volunteered for special training, such as the "[[Trawniki men]]" (German: ''Trawnikimänner'') deployed at all major killing sites of the "[[Final Solution]]". A lot of those men did not know German and required translation by their native commanders.<ref name="Browning">{{cite web |url=http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf |last=Browning |first=Christopher R. |author-link=Christopher Browning |orig-year=1992 |year=1998 |title=Arrival in Poland |publisher=Penguin Books |work=Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland |access-date=May 1, 2013 |pages=51, 98, 109, 124 |format=PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete|archive-date=October 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019043400/http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Black">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7KbsHLnbwgC&q=Hamburg%2C++Karl++Streibel&pg=PA331 |title=Police Auxiliaries for Operation Reinhard ''by'' Peter R. Black |publisher=Enigma Books |work=Secret Intelligence and the Holocaust |year=2006 |access-date=2013-06-02 |editor=David Bankir |pages=331–348 |isbn=192963160X |format=Google Books |archive-date=2023-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317071120/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7KbsHLnbwgC&q=Hamburg%2C++Karl++Streibel&pg=PA331 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|366}} [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]] was formed in Distrikt Galizien in 1941, many policemen deserted in 1943 joining UPA.

The former Polish policemen, with no high-ranking Polish officers (who were arrested or demoted), were drafted to the [[Blue Police]] and became subordinated to the local [[Ordnungspolizei]].

Some 3,000 men served with the ''Sonderdienst'' in the General Government, formally assigned to the head of the civil administration.<ref name="Browning"/> The existence of ''Sonderdienst'' constituted a grave danger for the non-Jewish Poles who [[Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust|attempted to help ghettoised Jews]] in the cities, as in the [[Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto]] among numerous others, because Christian Poles were executed under the charge of aiding Jews.<ref name="Yad Vashem"/>

A [[Forest Protection Service]] also existed, responsible for policing wooded areas in the General Government.<ref name="benz">{{cite book |last1=Benz |first1=Wolfgang |title=Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus |date=1997 |publisher=Klett-Cotta |isbn=3423330074}}</ref>

A Bahnpolizei policed railroads.

The Germans used pre-war Polish prisons and organised new ones, like in Jan Chrystian Schuch Avenue police quarter in Warsaw and [[Under the Clock]] torture centre in [[Lublin]].

German administration constructed a terror system to control Polish people enforcing reports of any illegal activities, e.g. hiding Roma, POWs, guerilla fighters, Jews. Germans designated hostages, terrorised local leaders, applied collective responsibility. German police used [[sting operations]] to find and kill rescuers of the Germans' quarries.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/37783353 |first=Tomasz |last=Frydel |chapter=''Judenjagd'': Reassessing the Role of Ordinary Poles as Perpetrators in the Holocaust |editor-first=Timothy |editor-last=Williams |editor2-first=Susanne |editor2-last=Buckley-Zistel |title=Perpetrators and Perpetration of Mass Violence: Action, Motivations and Dynamics |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |pages=187–203 |access-date=2019-05-15 |archive-date=2022-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314132350/https://www.academia.edu/37783353 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Military occupation forces===
Through the occupation Germany diverted a significant number of its military forces to keep control over Polish territories.
{| class="wikitable" width="98%"
|+ Number of ''Wehrmacht'' and police formations stationed in General government<ref>Czesław Madajczyk. Polityka III Rzeszy w okupowanej Polsce p.242 volume 1, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, 1970</ref>
! Time period
! [[Wehrmacht]] army
! Police and SS
(includes German forces only)
! Total
|-
| October 1939
| 550,000
| 80,000
| 630,000
|-
| April 1940
| 400,000
| 70,000
| 470,000
|-
| June 1941
| 2,000,000 (high number due to imminent [[Operation Barbarossa|attack on Soviet positions]])
| 50,000
| 2,050,000
|-
| February 1942
| 300,000
| 50,000
| 350,000
|-
| April 1943
| 450,000
| 60,000
| 510,000
|-
| November 1943
| 550,000
| 70,000
| 620,000
|-
| April 1944
| 500,000
| 70,000
| 570,000
|-
| September 1944
| 1,000,000 (A small percentage took part in the suppression of the [[Warsaw Uprising]])
| 80,000
| 1,080,000
|}

===Nazi propaganda===
The propaganda was directed by the ''Fachabteilung für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda'' (FAVuP), since Spring 1941 ''Hauptabteilung Propaganda'' (HAP). Prasą kierował ''Dienststelle der Pressechef der Regierung des Generalgouvernements'', a w Berlinie ''Der Bevollmächtige des Generalgouverneurs in Berlin''.

====Anti-semitic propaganda====
[[File:German_antisemitic_poster,_1942.jpg|thumb|180x180px|Nazi anti-semitic propaganda poster]]
Thousands of anti-Semitic posters were distributed in Warsaw.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007819 |title=Defining Enemy, Holocaust Encyclopedia |access-date=2018-05-24 |archive-date=2018-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524222815/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007819 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zagladazydow.org/index.php?show=541&strona=548 |title=Grabowski, Antisemitic propaganda |access-date=2018-05-24 |archive-date=2018-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524221934/https://www.zagladazydow.org/index.php?show=541&strona=548 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Political propaganda====
[[File:Chodźmy na roboty rolne do Niemiec.jpg|right|thumb|German [[Polish language|Polish-language]] recruitment poster: "'Let's do farm work in Germany!' See your ''[[Vogt#Poland|wójt]]'' at once."]]
Germans wanted Poles to obey orders.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://martyrologiawsipolskich.pl/mwp/wirtualne-mauzoleum/modul-iii-eksploatacja/fotogaleria/2514,Eksploatacja-wsi-1939-1945-fotogaleria.html |title=Eksploatacja wsi 1939-1945 - fotogaleria - Fotogaleria - Martyrologia Wsi Polskich |access-date=2018-06-18 |archive-date=2018-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175319/http://martyrologiawsipolskich.pl/mwp/wirtualne-mauzoleum/modul-iii-eksploatacja/fotogaleria/2514,Eksploatacja-wsi-1939-1945-fotogaleria.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Polish language newspapers====
*''[[Nowy Kurier Warszawski]]''
*''[[Kurier Częstochowski]]''
*''[[Goniec Krakowski (1939–1945)|Goniec Krakowski]]''
*''[[Dziennik Radomski]]''
*''[[Goniec Codzienny]]''
*''[[Ilustrowany Kurier Polski (1939-1945)|Ilustrowany Kurier Polski]]''
*''[[Gazeta Lwowska (1941-1944)|Gazeta Lwowska]]''
*''[[Fala (monthly)|Fala]]''

====Cinemas====
Propaganda [[newsreel]]s of ''[[Die Deutsche Wochenschau]]'' (The German Weekly Review) preceded feature-film showings. Some feature films likewise contained Nazi propaganda. The Polish underground discouraged Poles from attending movies, advising them, in the words of the rhymed couplet, ''"Tylko świnie / siedzą w kinie"'' ("Only swine go to the movies").<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/library/120072433/polish-national-cinema |title=Polish National Cinema |author=[[Marek Haltof]] |access-date=2018-05-24 |archive-date=2018-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524221751/https://www.questia.com/library/120072433/polish-national-cinema |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In occupied Poland, there was no Polish film industry. However, a few Poles collaborated with the Germans in making films such as the 1941 [[Anti-Polish sentiment|anti-Polish]] [[propaganda film]] ''[[Heimkehr]]'' (''Homecoming''). In that film, casting for minor parts played by Jewish and Polish actors was done by [[Igo Sym]], who during the filming was shot in his [[Warsaw]] apartment by the Polish [[Union of Armed Struggle]] resistance movement; after the war, the Polish performers were sentenced for [[collaboration]] in an anti-Polish propaganda undertaking, with punishments ranging from official reprimand to imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ipn.gov.pl/download/1/89951/IPNkinoiteatrpodokupacja2017170911maly.pdf |title=Kino i teatr pod okupacją. Polskie środowisko filmowe i teatralne w czasie II wojny światowej |access-date=14 March 2022 |first=Bartosz |last=Januszewski |language=pl |date=13 September 2017 |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816061350/https://ipn.gov.pl/download/1/89951/IPNkinoiteatrpodokupacja2017170911maly.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Theaters====
All Polish theaters were disbanded. A German theater ''Theater der Stadt Warschau'' was formed in Warsaw together with a German controlled Polish one ''Teatr Miasta Warszawy''. There existed also one comedy theater ''Teatr Komedia'' and 14 small ones. The [[Juliusz Słowacki Theatre]] in Cracow was used by Germans.

====Audio propaganda====
Poles were not allowed to use radio sets. Any set was to be handed over to local administration by 25 January 1940. Ethnic Germans were obliged to register their sets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radiofonia w okupowanej Polsce 1939 - 1945 |trans-title=Radio broadcasting in occupied Poland 1939 - 1945 |url=http://www.historiaradia.neostrada.pl/Okupacja%201939-44.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803231328/http://www.historiaradia.neostrada.pl/Okupacja%201939-44.html |archive-date=2018-08-03 |website=historiaradia.neostrada.pl |language=pl}}</ref>

German authorities installed megaphones for propaganda purposes, called by Poles ''szczekaczki'' (from [[Polish language|pol.]] ''szczekać'' "to bark").<ref>{{Cite web |last=Czocher |first=Anna |title="GADZINÓWKI" I "SZCZEKACZKI" |trans-title="Propaganda Newspapers" and "Megaphones" |url=http://www.polska1918-89.pl/pdf/gadzinowki-i-szczekaczki.-,5383.pdf |website=polska1918-89.pl |publisher=IPN Krakow |language=pl}}</ref>

===Public executions===
[[File:Tablica_Tchorka_Al._Ujazdowskie_21_Warszawa.JPG|thumb|[[Ujazdów Avenue]] Public execution memorial table, Warsaw]]
Germans killed thousands of Poles, many of them civilian hostages, in Warsaw streets and locations around Warsaw (Warsaw ring), to terrorize the population{{snd}}they shot or hanged them.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.inyourpocket.com/warsaw/execution-sites_18396v |title=Execution Sites |access-date=2018-06-28 |archive-date=2018-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628124819/https://www.inyourpocket.com/warsaw/execution-sites_18396v |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/02/11/1944-twenty-two-or-more-poles/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628100621/http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/02/11/1944-twenty-two-or-more-poles/|url-status=dead|title=1944: Twenty-two or more Poles &#124; Executed Today|date=February 11, 2009|archivedate=June 28, 2018}}</ref> The executions were ordered mainly by Austrian Nazi [[Franz Kutschera]], [[SS and Police Leader|''SS'' and Police Leader]], from September 1943 until January 1944.

===Urban planning and transportation network===
Warsaw was to be reconstructed according to [[Pabst Plan]]. The governmental quarter was situated around the [[Piłsudski Square]].

The capital of GG Kraków was reconstructed according to ''Generalbebauungsplan von Krakau'' by Hubert Ritter. Hans Frank rebuild his residence [[Wawel Castle]]. <<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://niemieckikrakowblog.wordpress.com/2019/04/17/hans-frank-przebudowuje-wawel/ |title=Hans Frank przebudowuje Wawel |date=2019-04-17 |access-date=2019-05-15 |archive-date=2019-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060328/https://niemieckikrakowblog.wordpress.com/2019/04/17/hans-frank-przebudowuje-wawel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dębniki (Kraków)]] was the planned Nazi administrative quarter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.infoarchitekta.pl/artykuly:8-spotkania:4618-hitlerowskie-wizje-krakowa.html |title=Hitlerowskie wizje Krakowa |access-date=2019-05-14 |archive-date=2019-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514124548/https://www.infoarchitekta.pl/artykuly:8-spotkania:4618-hitlerowskie-wizje-krakowa.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/1,44425,3021101.html |title=Wyborcza.pl |access-date=2019-05-14 |archive-date=2019-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514124547/http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/1,44425,3021101.html |url-status=live }}</ref> German-only residential area was constructed near [[Park Krakowski]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://niemieckikrakowblog.wordpress.com/2017/04/13/niemieckie-osiedle-mieszkaniowe-kolo-parku-krakowskiego/ |title=Niemieckie osiedle mieszkaniowe koło Parku Krakowskiego |date=2017-04-13 |access-date=2019-05-14 |archive-date=2019-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514130152/https://niemieckikrakowblog.wordpress.com/2017/04/13/niemieckie-osiedle-mieszkaniowe-kolo-parku-krakowskiego/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Germans constructed railroad line Łódź-Radom (partially in GG) and engine house in Radom.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radom24.pl/artykul/czytaj/7252 |title=Poniemiecka parowozownia na sprzedaż. Jednak jeszcze nie teraz :: Radom24.pl :: Portal Radomia i regionu |access-date=2019-05-15 |archive-date=2019-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515094008/http://www.radom24.pl/artykul/czytaj/7252 |url-status=live }}</ref>