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Germline mutation
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=== Exogenous factors === A germline mutation can also occur due to [[Exogeny|exogenous]] factors. Similar to somatic mutations, germline mutations can be caused by exposure to harmful substances, which damage the DNA of germ cells. This damage can then either be repaired perfectly, and no mutations will be present, or repaired imperfectly, resulting in a variety of mutations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_20|title=The causes of mutations|website=evolution.berkeley.edu|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref> Exogenous [[mutagen]]s include harmful chemicals and [[ionizing radiation]]; the major difference between germline mutations and somatic mutations is that germ cells are not exposed to [[Ultraviolet|UV radiation]], and thus not often directly mutated in this manner.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rahbari R, Wuster A, Lindsay SJ, Hardwick RJ, Alexandrov LB, Turki SA, Dominiczak A, Morris A, Porteous D, Smith B, Stratton MR, Hurles ME | title = Timing, rates and spectra of human germline mutation | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 48 | issue = 2 | pages = 126β133 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26656846 | pmc = 4731925 | doi = 10.1038/ng.3469 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cai L, Wang P | title = Induction of a cytogenetic adaptive response in germ cells of irradiated mice with very low-dose rate of chronic gamma-irradiation and its biological influence on radiation-induced DNA or chromosomal damage and cell killing in their male offspring | journal = Mutagenesis | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 95β100 | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7603336 | doi = 10.1093/mutage/10.2.95 }}</ref>
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