Editing Gibeah (section)

===Identification with Tell el-Ful===
This Gibeah is generally identified with '''Tell el-Fūl''' ({{langx|ar|تلّ الفول||mound of [[fava]] beans}}),<ref>Nancy Lapp, [http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195065121.001.0001/acref-9780195065121-e-393  Ful,  Tell el-], Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (1997).</ref> a hill in the northern reaches of modern [[Jerusalem]], on the outskirts of the [[Pisgat Ze'ev]] and [[Shuafat]] neighborhoods.<ref>LaMar C. Berrett, ''Discovering the World of the Bible''</ref><ref>[[H.B. Tristram]], ''The Land of Israel: A Journal of Travels in Palestine'', London 1865, p. [https://archive.org/details/landisraelajour01trisgoog/page/n220 169]</ref> This location is {{convert|3|mi}} north of ancient Jerusalem, along the watershed ridge at {{convert|2,754|ft}} [[above sea level]]. According to [[Josephus]], Gabaothsaul was located about 30 ''[[Stadion (unit)|stadia]]'' north of Jerusalem, which would have roughly corresponded with the location of ''Tell el-Fūl''.<ref name=josephus>[[Josephus]], ''[[The Jewish War]]'' 5.2.1. ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D5%3Asection%3D47 5.47])</ref>

King [[Hussein of Jordan]] began construction on a [[Royal Palace, Tell el-Ful|royal palace at Tell el-Ful]], but construction was halted when the [[Six-Day War]] broke out. Since Israel won the war, King Hussein's palace was never finished and now all that remains is the skeleton of the building.[[File:ארמון חוסיין ב תל אל פול.JPG|thumb|Unfinished [[Royal Palace, Tell el-Ful|Royal Palace of King Hussein]] of Jordan at Tell el-Ful. ]]Alternatively, Gibeah may have been where [[Jaba', Jerusalem|Jaba']] now stands ({{convert|9.12|km}} north of Jerusalem), a view held by biblical scholar [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3 |page=122 (2nd appendix) }}</ref> and C. Umhau Wolf.<ref>C. Umhau Wolf (1971), ''The Onomasticon of Eusebius of Pamphili'', § 335 (d). This view is based on the premise that ''Gabatha of Saul'' (I Samuel 10:26) was known in Eusebius' time, and if it had been ''Tell al Ful'', as claimed by historical geographers, they are still left to explain why no Byzantine remains were found at the site.</ref> However, Jaba is now widely identified with the biblical city of [[Geba (city)|Geba]].<ref>Guerin, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n80/mode/1up 67]-69</ref><ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/9/mode/1up 9]</ref> 
[[Israel Finkelstein]] also challenged the identification with ''Tell el-Fūl''.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Israel Finkelstein |title= Tell el-Ful revisited: The Assyrian and Hellenistic periods (with a new identification) |journal= Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume= 143 |issue=2 |year= 2011 |pages= 106–118 |doi= 10.1179/003103211x12971861556918 }}</ref>

==== Archaeology ====
Tell el-Ful was first excavated in 1868 by [[Charles Warren]], while C.R. Conder described the remains in 1874. [[William F. Albright]] led his first excavation from 1922 to 1923, and returned for a second season in 1923. His work was published in 1960. P.W. Lapp conducted a six-week [[rescue archaeology|salvage excavation]] in 1964. According to Kenneth Kitchen, "Upon this strategic point was found an [[Iron Age|Iron I]] occupation replaced (at an interval) by a fortress ("I"), subsequently refurbished ("II"), and then later in disuse. The oldest level may reflect the Gibeah of {{Bibleverse|Judges|19-20|HE}}. The excavations by Albright, checked by Lapp, would favor the view that it was Saul who built the first fortress, later repaired by him or David. The first fort (quadrangular) had at least one rectangular corner-tower at its southwest angle; it may have had others at the other corners, but no traces were detected."<ref>Kenneth Kitchen, ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament'' (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans), p. 97.</ref>

The site was once more inhabited around the start of the [[Hellenistic period]], and its wall was once more in service. The citadel underwent repairs as well in the second century BCE. At the end of the second century BCE, the site was abandoned.<ref>{{Citation |last=Halpern-Zylberstein |first=Marie-Christine |title=The Archeology of Hellenistic Palestine |date=1990-03-22 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139055123A005/type/book_part |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism |pages= |editor-last=Davies |editor-first=W. D. |access-date=2023-03-19 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521219297.002 |isbn=978-0-521-21929-7 |editor2-last=Finkelstein |editor2-first=Louis|url-access=subscription }}</ref>