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Guugu Yimithirr language
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==Phonology== ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! ! [[Front vowel|Front]] ! [[Back vowel|Back]] |- ! [[High vowel|High]] | {{IPA link|i|i iː}} | {{IPA link|u|u uː}} |- ! [[Low vowel|Low]] |colspan="2"| {{IPA link|ä|a aː}} |} Short {{IPA|/u/}} may be realised as unrounded {{IPAblink|ɯ}}, and unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} may be reduced to {{IPAblink|ə}}. ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !rowspan="2"| !colspan="2"| [[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]] !colspan="2"| [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]] !colspan="2"| [[Apical consonant|Apical]] |- ! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! [[Dental consonant|Dental]] ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] |- ! [[Stop consonant|Stop]] | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|ɡ}} | {{IPA link|ɟ}} | {{IPA link|d̪}} | {{IPA link|d}} | {{IPA link|ɖ}} |- ! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | {{IPA link|n̪}} | {{IPA link|n}} | {{IPA link|ɳ}} |- ! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] | | | | | {{IPA link|l}} | |- ! [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] | | | | | {{IPA link|r}} | {{IPA link|ɻ}} |- ! [[Semivowel]] |colspan="2"| {{IPA link|w}} | {{IPA link|j}} | | | |} The stops are usually voiceless and unaspirated initially and after short vowels, and voiced after consonants and long vowels. The retroflexes {{IPA|[ɖ ɳ]}} may not be single phonemes, but clusters of {{IPA|/ɻd ɻn/}}. However, there is at least one word which, for older speakers, is pronounced with a word-initial retroflex: ''run'', which is {{IPA|[ɖudaː]}} or {{IPA|[ɖuɖaː]}}. The rhotic {{IPA|/r/}} is normally a [[flap consonant|flap]] {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, but may be a [[trill consonant|trill]] in emphatic speech. ===Phonotactics=== All words, with the exception of a couple of [[interjection]]s, begin with one consonant. The consonant can be a stop, nasal, or semivowel (that is, {{IPA|/l r ɻ/}} do not occur initially). Words can end in either a vowel or a consonant. The allowed word-final consonants are {{IPA|/l r ɻ j n n̪/}}. Within words, any consonant can occur, as well as clusters of up to three consonants, which cannot occur initially or finally.
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