Editing Haemonchus contortus (section)

==Prevention and treatment==
Prophylactic anthelmintic treatment necessary to prevent infection in endemic regions, but wherever possible, a reduction on reliance on chemical treatment is warranted given the rapid rise of anthelmintic resistance.
A commercial vaccine known as Barbervax in Australia or Wirevax in South Africa has become available in recent years. This works mainly by reducing egg output and hence pasture contamination. The vaccine contains proteins from the lining of the intestines of the Barber's Pole worm. The animal produces antibodies against the protein which circulate in the blood. When the Barber's pole worm drinks the blood the antibodies attach to its stomach lining, preventing digestion and starving the animal. Following this, the worm produces fewer eggs and eventually dies off.<ref>{{cite web |title=Haemonchus contortus |url=https://www.moredun.org.uk/research/diseases/haemonchus-contortus |website=Moredun research institute |publisher=Moredun |access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>

Targeted selective treatment methods such as the [[FAMACHA]] method may be valuable in reducing the number of dosing intervals, thus reducing the percentage of surviving parasites that are resistant to anthelmintics. Faecal egg counts are used to track parasite infestation levels, individual animals' susceptibility, and anthelmintic effectiveness.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Other management strategies include selective breeding for more parasite-resistant sheep or goats (e.g. by culling the most susceptible animals or by introducing parasite-resistant breeds such as [[Gulf Coast Native sheep]]); careful pasture management, such as [[managed intensive rotational grazing]], especially during peak parasite season; and "cleaning" infested pastures by haying, tilling, or grazing with a nonsusceptible species (e.g. swine or poultry).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Samuel |title=Summary of Results: New England Small Ruminant Producer Survey |work=Northeast IPM Center |year=2013 |url=http://www.northeastipm.org/neipm/assets/File/New-England-Small-Ruminant-Survey-Results-2013.pdf}}</ref>

Recent research has also shown that the use of hair sheep breeds, such as Katahdins, Dorpers, and St. Croix, can be chosen for resistance to internal parasites for economical standards; additionally, the hair breeds provide resistance without showing any significant effect growth performance of their progeny.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2527/asasann.2017.692 |title=692 Effects of high heat load conditions on rectal temperature, panting score, and respiration rate of hair sheep breeds from different regions of the United States |journal=Journal of Animal Science |volume=95 |pages=337–8 |year=2017 |last1=Tadesse |first1=D |last2=Puchala |first2=R |last3=Gipson |first3=T. A |last4=Portugal |first4=I |last5=Sahlu |first5=T |last6=Dawson |first6=L. J |last7=Goetsch |first7=A. L |doi-access=free }}</ref>

One of the riskiest methods that can be used for treatments is the use of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) to aid in the destruction of the parasites inside the gut without the use of organic chemicals. However, in sheep, the dosing would need to be monitored extremely closely because if they are administered too high of a dose, then they will slip into copper toxicity. For the COWP, the lowest recommended dose would need to be administered to remain safe for sheep. The study conducted found that treatment with the COWP reduced faecal egg counts by >85%. Treatment with the copper oxide wire particles could lead to less reliance on anthelmintics because the COWP allows for the reduction in establishment of parasitic infections, especially if the producer is trying to reduce the larval population on their pastures.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.10.004 |pmid=19931291 |title=Efficacy of copper oxide wire particles against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and goats |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=168 |issue=1–2 |pages=93–6 |year=2010 |last1=Soli |first1=F |last2=Terrill |first2=T.H |last3=Shaik |first3=S.A |last4=Getz |first4=W.R |last5=Miller |first5=J.E |last6=Vanguru |first6=M |last7=Burke |first7=J.M }}</ref>

Recent research shows fugal lectins are able to inhibit larval development. These fungal lectins are Corprinopsis cinerea lectins - CCL2, CGL2; Aleuria aurantia lectin - AAL; and Marasmius oreades agglutinin - MOA. These four toxic lectins bind to specific glycan structures found in ''H. controtus''. Some of these glycan structures might represent antigens which are not exposed to host immune system, and thus have potential for vaccine or drug development.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s13071-015-1032-x |pmid=26283415 |pmc=4539729 |title=Inhibition of Haemonchus contortus larval development by fungal lectins |journal=Parasites & Vectors |volume=8 |pages=425 |year=2015 |last1=Heim |first1=Christian |last2=Hertzberg |first2=Hubertus |last3=Butschi |first3=Alex |last4=Bleuler-Martinez |first4=Silvia |last5=Aebi |first5=Markus |last6=Deplazes |first6=Peter |last7=Künzler |first7=Markus |last8=Štefanić |first8=Saša |doi-access=free }}</ref>