Editing Hatchling (section)

==Birds==
Bird hatchlings may be [[altricial]] or [[precocial]]. Altricial means that the young hatch naked and with their eyes closed, and rely totally on their parents for feeding and warmth. Precocial hatching are feathered when hatched, and can leave the nest immediately.<ref name= burton>{{cite book |last = Burton |first = Robert |title = Bird behaviour |year = 1985 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/birdbehaviour0000burt/page/186 186&ndash;187] |location = London |publisher = Granada |isbn = 0-246-12440-7 |url = https://archive.org/details/birdbehaviour0000burt/page/186 }}</ref> In birds, such as the bobwhite quail, hatchlings' auditory systems are more developed than their visual system, as visual stimulation is not present in the egg, while auditory stimulation can reach the embryo even before birth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Devenney|first=Darlynne A.|editor=Gerald Turkewitz|title=Developmental Time and Timing|page=109|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates|year=1993|url=http://www.questiaschool.com/read/47617717/developmental-time-and-timing |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It has also been shown that auditory development in hatchlings is disrupted by environments high in visual and social stimulation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lickliter|first=Robert|editor=David J. Lewkowicz|page=73|title=The Development of Intersensory Perception: Comparative Perspectives|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates|year=1994|url=http://www.questiaschool.com/read/22911612/the-development-of-intersensory-perception-comparative |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Many hatchlings are born with some forms of innate behaviours which allow them to improve their ability to survive: for example, hatchling gulls instinctively peck at long objects with marked colour contrast, which leads them to peck at their parents' bills, eliciting a feeding response.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Stephen Jay|title=Eight Little Piggies: Reflections in Natural History|page=258|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1993|url=http://www.questiaschool.com/library/105296154/eight-little-piggies-reflections-in-natural-history |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Endocrine disruption of hatchling birds increases the rate of deformities and lowers the chances of survival.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Melo|first=Ana Clara|last2=Ramsdell|first2=John S.|title=Sexual Dimorphism of Brain Aromatase Activity in Medaka: Induction of a Female Phenotype by Estradiol|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=March 2001|volume=109|issue=3|doi=10.1289/ehp.01109257 |pmid=11333187|url=https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/cms/attachment/34e0d487-0c1d-4fbc-9f7c-862f009d6f8d/ehp.01109257.pdf|pages=257–264|pmc=1240244}}</ref> In bearded vultures, two eggs are laid, but one hatchling will often kill the other.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Letters to the Editor|journal=International Wildlife|date=May–June 2000|url=http://www.questiaschool.com/library/1G1-61479218/letters |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Bird hatchlings raised by humans have sometimes been noted to act towards their human caregivers as their parents.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jackson|first=Gordon|title=Owl Hatchlings Taken to Sapelo Island Sanctuary; the Rehabilitated Birds Were Then Released to Fend for Themselves|newspaper=The Florida Times Union|date=May 7, 2010|url=http://www.questiaschool.com/read/1G1-226064658/owl-hatchlings-taken-to-sapelo-island-sanctuary-the |url-access=subscription }}</ref>