Editing Hazelnut (section)

=== Cropping system ===
In Europe hazelnuts are traditionally grown as multi-trunk trees where the rootstock is formed by the variety itself. To enhance the possibility for mechanization and to prevent [[suckering]], a single-trunk tree can be formed by [[grafting]] a scion of the desired variety on a ''[[Corylus colurna]]'' rootstock.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rovira |first1=Mercè |title=Advances in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Rootstocks Worldwide |journal=Horticulturae |date=26 August 2021 |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=267 |doi=10.3390/horticulturae7090267|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.12327/1330 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
There are different approaches in orchard floor management. Strong infestations of certain weeds can lower the yield. Therefore, to prevent yield loss by competition, herbicides are used to create bare soil.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaya-Altop |first1=Emine |last2=Haghnama |first2=Kianoosh |last3=Sarıaslan |first3=Dogan |last4=Phillippo |first4=Colin J. |last5=Mennan |first5=Husrev |last6=Zandstra |first6=Bernard H. |title=Long-term perennial weed control strategies: Economic analyses and yield effect in hazelnut (Corylus avellana) |journal=Crop Protection |date=February 2016 |volume=80 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.1016/j.cropro.2015.10.022|bibcode=2016CrPro..80....7K }}</ref> Using cover crops protects the soil and suppresses weed establishment without a yield reduction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Işik |first1=Doğan |last2=Dok |first2=Mahmut |last3=Ak |first3=Kibar |last4=Macit |first4=İdris |last5=Demir |first5=Zeynep |last6=Mennan |first6=Hüsrev |title=Use of Cover Crops for Weed Suppression in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) in Turkey |journal=Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University |date=January 2014 |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=105–110 |pmid=26084088 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288041754 |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>

[[Silvopasture|Silvopastoral systems]] where animals like [[pigs]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nunn |first1=L. |last2=Embree |first2=C.G. |last3=Hebb |first3=D. |last4=Bishop |first4=S.D. |last5=Nichols |first5=D. |title=Rotationally Grazing Hogs for Orchard Floor Management in Organic Apple Orchards |journal=Acta Horticulturae |date=March 2007 |issue=737 |pages=71–78 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.737.9}}</ref> are kept in the orchard or [[Agroforestry|silvoarable systems]] where crops are grown between the rows could introduce new sources of revenue into the hazelnut production and may have beneficial effects on hazelnut yield by fertilizing the soil through nitrogen fixation or animal dung. These systems limit the plant protection measures, potentially impacting the yield quality and level.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trouillard |first1=Martin |last2=Lèbre |first2=Amélie |last3=Heckendorn |first3=Felix |title=Grazing Sheep in Organic Vineyards: An On-Farm Study about Risk of Chronic Copper Poisoning |journal=Sustainability |date=20 November 2021 |volume=13 |issue=22 |pages=12860 |doi=10.3390/su132212860|doi-access=free }}</ref> There are very few studies on these systems, leading to a higher uncertainty for the producer.