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Helike
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=== Previous attempts === The submerged town was long a mystery for [[underwater archaeology]]. People were divided in their opinions about the exact location of Helike and produced numerous works and hypotheses: In 1826, French diplomat and archaeologist [[François Pouqueville]], who wrote the ''Voyage en Grèce'';<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pouqueville |first1=F.-C.-H.-L. |title=Voyage en Grèce |date=1826 |publisher=Firmin Didot |location=Paris, France |volume=4 |pages=414, 418–419 |edition=2nd |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951p01001461u&view=1up&seq=432 |language=fr}} Pouqueville's guides assured him that they had seen the ruins of Helike and that they could show the ruins to him. However, as Pouqueville neared the supposed site of the ruins, his guides' assurances dwindled. From p. 418: ''"On m'avait promis de me montrer les ruines d'Hélice; mes guides les connaissaient; il[s] les avaient vues ''de leurs yeux''; vingt personnes m'avaient attesté ce qu'ils affirmaient (5); le Neptune en bronze resté sur son piédestal était ''la ruine de pécheurs'', il déchirait leurs filets; on apercevait les restes des monuments ensevelis sous les eaux. Cependant l'assurance de nos gens diminuait à mesure que nous approchions du terrain, … "'' (I had been promised to be shown the ruins of Helike; my guides knew them [i.e., the ruins]; they had had seen them ''with their own eyes''; twenty people had attested what they claimed (5); the bronze [statue of] Neptune [which] remained on its pedestal was ''the ruin of fishermen'', it tore apart their nets; the remains of monuments could be seen entombed beneath the waters. However, these people's certainty diminished as we approached the site, … ) Pouqueville finally concluded that the tales of the underwater ruins of Helike were merely fantasies (from p. 419: ''" … [l]eurs traditions étaient de pures chimères."'')</ref> in 1851 [[Ernst Curtius]] the German archaeologist and historian who speculated about its location;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curtius |first1=Ernst |title=Peloponnesos, eine historisch-geographische Beschreibung der Halbinsel |trans-title=Peloponnese, a historical-geographic description of the peninsula |date=1851 |publisher=Justus Perthes |location=Gotha, (Germany) |volume=1 |pages=45–46, 467–468 |language=de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EQ4tQEACAAJ&pg=PA45 }}</ref> in 1879 [[Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt|J. F. Julius Schmidt]], the director of Athens Observatory, issuing a study comparing the Aegeion [[1861 Eliki earthquake|earthquake which occurred 26 December 1861]] with an earthquake which might have destroyed Helike;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Johann Friedrich Julius |title=Studien über Erdbeben |trans-title=Studies of Earthquakes |date=1879 |publisher=Alwin Georgi |location=Leipzig, Germany |pages=71–72 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LcbnQEACAAJ&pg=PA72 |language=de}} About the 1861 earthquake, see: ''"13) 1861 December 26. Das Erdbeben von Aigion (Vostizza)"'' [13) 1861 December 26. The earthquake of Aigio (Vostitsa)], pp. 68–83. From pp. 71–72: ''"Das Epizentrum setze ich in den Korinthischen Golf, zwischen Aigion und Itea in 22° 20' Ost von Greenwich und +38° 13' Breite. Als Helike und Bura untergingen, lag dieser Punkt wahrscheinlich östlicher und etwas südlicher; … "'' (I place the epicenter in the Corinthian Gulf, between Aigio and Itea at 22° 20' east of Greenwich and 38° 13' north latitude. When Helike and Bura were destroyed, this point probably lay more eastwards and somewhat more southwards; … )</ref> in 1883 [[Spiros Panagiotopoulos]], the mayor of Aegeion city, wrote about the ancient city; in 1912 the Greek writer P. K. Ksinopoulos wrote ''The City of Aegeion Through the Centuries''<ref name="Ξινόπουλος1912">{{cite journal | last = Ξινόπουλος | first = Π. Κ. | year = 1912 | title = Το Αίγιο διά μέσου των αιώνων }}</ref> and in 1939 [[Stanley Casson]], an English art scholar and army officer who studied classical archaeology and served in Greece as liaison officer, addressed the problem. Other investigators include in 1948 the German archaeologist [[Georg Karo]]; in 1950 [[Robert Demangel]], who was from 1933 to 1948 the director of the French School of Archaeology in Athens; in 1950 [[Alfred Philippson]], German geologist and geographer; in 1952 [[Spiros Dontas]], Greek writer and member of the Academy of Athens; in 1954 [[Aristos Stauropoulos]], a Greek writer who published the ''History of the city of Aegeion'';<ref name="Σταυρόπουλος1954">{{cite journal | last = Σταυρόπουλος | first = Αρίστος | year = 1954 | title = Ιστορία πόλεως Αιγίου }}</ref> in 1956 the Greek professor N. Κ. Moutsopoulos; in 1967 Spyros Marinatos, a Greek archaeologist who wrote the ''Research about Helike''<ref name="Μαρινάτος1967">{{cite journal | last = Μαρινάτος | first = Σπύρος | year = 1967 | title = Έρευνα περί την Ελίκην Π.Α.Α. τ 41}}</ref> and in 1968 ''Helike-Thira-Thebes'';<ref name="Μαρινάτος1968">{{cite journal | last = Μαρινάτος | first = Σπύρος | year = 1968 | title = Ελίκη-Θήρα-Θήβαι Α.Α.Α. τ 1}}</ref> in 1962 the Greek writer George K. Georgalas; and in 1967 [[Nikos Papahatzis]], a Greek archaeologist who published ''Pausanias’ Description of Greece''.<ref name="Παπαχατζής1967">{{cite journal | last = Παπαχατζής | first = Νίκος | year = 1967 | title = Παυσανίου Ελλάδος Περιήγησις Αχαϊκά-Αρκαδικά}}</ref> [[Spyridon Marinatos]] said that only the declaration of a third world war would obscure the discovery of Helike.<ref name="Marinatos1960">{{cite journal | last = Marinatos | first = Spyridon N. | year = 1960 | title = Helike. A submerged town of classical Greece | journal = Archaeology | volume = 13 | pages = 186–193 | issn = 0003-8113 }}</ref> In 1967, [[Harold Eugene Edgerton]] worked with the American researcher [[Peter Throckmorton]]. They were convinced that Helike was to be found on the seabed of the Gulf of Corinth. Edgerton perfected special [[sonar]] equipment for this research but permission to search was not granted by the Greek authorities. In 1967 and in 1976, [[Jacques Cousteau]] searched for Helike, with no result. In 1979 in the Corinthian Gulf, the Greek undersea explorer Alexis Papadopoulos discovered a sunken town and recorded his findings in a documentary film which shows walls, fallen roofs, roof tiles, streets, etc. at a depth of between 25 and 45 m.<ref>"[http://oudeterapleustotita.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post.html The 1979 film of sunken town discovery]"</ref> "Whether or not this town can be identified with Helike is a question to be answered by extensive underwater research. In any case, the discovery of this town can be regarded as an extremely interesting find", according to the Greek scientific journal ''Archaeology''.<ref name="Papadopoulos1983">{{cite journal | last = Παπαδόπουλος | first = Αλέξης | year = 1983 | title = Ανακαλύπτοντας μια βυθισμένη πόλη | journal = Αρχαιολογία | volume = 9 | pages = 80–82 | url = http://www.archaiologia.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/9-17.pdf }}</ref>
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