Editing Hispanic (section)

==Culture==
The [[Miguel de Cervantes Prize]] is awarded to Hispanic writers, whereas the [[Latin Grammy Award]] recognizes Hispanic musicians, and the Platino Awards as given to outstanding Hispanic films.

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Spain|Music of Latin America|Latin music (genre)}}

Folk and popular dance and music also varies greatly among Hispanics. For instance, the music from Spain is a lot different from the [[Hispanic America]]n, although there is a high grade of exchange between both continents. In addition, due to the high national development of the diverse [[nationalities and regions of Spain]], there is a lot of music in the [[Languages of Spain|different languages of the Peninsula]] ([[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Galician language|Galician]] and [[Basque language|Basque]], mainly). See, for instance, [[Music of Catalonia]] or [[Rock català]], [[Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias]], and [[Basque music]]. [[Flamenco]] is also a very popular music style in Spain, especially in [[Andalusia]]. Spanish ballads "romances" can be traced in Argentina as "milongas", same structure but different scenarios.

On the other side of the ocean, Hispanic America is also home to a wide variety of music, even though ''Latin'' music is often erroneously thought of, as a single genre. Hispanic Caribbean music tends to favor complex polyrhythms of African origin. [[Music of Mexico|Mexican music]] shows combined influences of mostly European and Native American origin, while traditional Northern Mexican music—[[norteño (music)|norteño]] and [[banda music|banda]]— [[polka]], has influence from polka music brought by [[Central Europe]]an settlers to [[Mexico]] which later influenced western music.  The music of Hispanic Americans—such as [[tejano music]]—has influences in [[Rock music|rock]], [[jazz]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[Latin pop|pop]], and [[country music]] as well as traditional Mexican music such as [[Mariachi]]. Meanwhile, native [[Andes|Andean]] sounds and melodies are the backbone of Peruvian and Bolivian music, but also play a significant role in the popular music of most South American countries and are heavily incorporated into the folk music of Ecuador and the tunes of Colombia, and in Chile where they play a fundamental role in the form of the greatly followed [[nueva canción]]. In U.S. communities of immigrants from these countries it is common to hear these styles. [[Rock en español]], [[Latin hip hop|Latin hip-hop]], [[Salsa (dance)|Salsa]], [[Merengue (dance)|Merengue]], [[Bachata (dance)|Bachata]], [[Cumbia]] and [[Reggaeton]] styles tend to appeal to the broader Hispanic population, and varieties of Cuban music are popular with many Hispanics of all backgrounds.

===Literature===
{{Main|Hispanic literature}}

[[File:Medal of the Miguel de Cervantes Prize.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Miguel de Cervantes Prize]], most prestigious literary award in the Spanish language]]

Spanish-language literature and folklore is very rich and is influenced by a variety of countries. There are thousands of writers from many places, and dating from the Middle Ages to the present. Some of the most recognized writers are:

* Spain: [[Miguel de Cervantes|Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra]], [[Lope de Vega]], [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca|Calderón de la Barca]], [[Federico García Lorca]], [[Miguel de Unamuno]],
* Mexico: [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Octavio Paz]], 
* Guatemala: [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]], 
* U.S.: [[George Santayana]], [[Sabine Ulibarri]],
* Cuba: [[José Martí]],  
* Colombia: [[Gabriel García Márquez]], [[Rafael Pombo]], 
* Uruguay: [[Horacio Quiroga]], [[Cristina Peri Rossi]],
* Venezuela: [[Rómulo Gallegos]], 
* Nicaragua: [[Rubén Darío]], 
* Peru: [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], [[Ciro Alegría]] 
* Argentina: [[Luisa Valenzuela]], [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[Ernesto Sabato]]
* Honduras: Roberto Quesada, 
* Chile: [[Pablo Neruda]], [[Gabriela Mistral]], 
* Dominican Republic: [[Pedro Henríquez Ureña]],  
* Equatorial Guinea: [[Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel]], 
* Costa Rica: [[Joaquin Garcia Monge]] and
* Ecuador: [[Juan León Mera]].
* Philippines: [[Jose Rizal]], [[Luis Rodriguez Varela]], [[Jesus Balmori]]

===Sports===
In the majority of the Hispanic countries, [[association football]] is the most popular sport. The men's national teams of Argentina, Uruguay and Spain have won the [[FIFA World Cup]] a total six times. The Spanish [[La Liga]] is one of the most popular in the world, known for [[FC Barcelona]] and [[Real Madrid]]. Meanwhile, the [[Argentine Primera División]] is one of the strongest leagues in the Americas.

However, [[baseball]] is the most popular sport in some Central American and Caribbean countries (especially Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico,Nicaragua and Venezuela), as well as in the diaspora in the United States. Notable Hispanic teams in early baseball are the [[All Cubans]], [[Cuban Stars (West)|Cuban Stars]] and [[New York Cubans]]. The [[Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum]] recognizes Hispanic baseball personalities. Nearly 30 percent (22 percent foreign-born Hispanics) of [[MLB]] players today have Hispanic heritage.

Several Hispanic sportspeople have been successful worldwide, such as [[Diego Maradona]], [[Alfredo di Stefano]], [[Lionel Messi]], [[Diego Forlán]], [[Fernando Torres]], [[Xavi (footballer, born 1980)|Xavi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], [[Iker Casillas]], [[Xabi Alonso]] (association football), [[Juan Manuel Fangio]], [[Juan Pablo Montoya]], [[Eliseo Salazar]], [[Fernando Alonso]], [[Marc Gené]], [[Carlos Sainz Sr.]] and [[Carlos Sainz Jr.]] (auto racing), [[Ángel Nieto]], [[Dani Pedrosa]], [[Jorge Lorenzo]], [[Marc Márquez]], [[Marc Coma]], [[Nani Roma]] (motorcycle racing), [[Emanuel Ginóbili]], [[Pau Gasol]], [[Marc Gasol]] (basketball), [[Julio César Chávez]], [[Saúl Álvarez]], [[Carlos Monzón]] (boxing), [[Miguel Indurain]], [[Alberto Contador]], [[Santiago Botero]], [[Rigoberto Urán]], [[Nairo Quintana]] (cycling), [[Roberto de Vicenzo]], [[Ángel Cabrera]], [[Sergio García]], [[Severiano Ballesteros]], [[José María Olazábal]] (golf), [[Luciana Aymar]] (field hockey), [[Rafael Nadal]], [[Marcelo Ríos]], [[Guillermo Vilas]], [[Gabriela Sabatini]], [[Juan Martín del Potro]] (tennis).

Notable Hispanic sports television networks are [[ESPN Deportes]], [[Fox Deportes]] and [[TyC Sports]].

===Religion===
The Spanish and the Portuguese took the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith to their colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia; Catholicism remains the predominant religion amongst most Hispanics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-christians/|title=Christians|website=Pewresearch.org|date=18 December 2012|access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref> A small but growing number of Hispanics belong to a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denomination. Hispanic Christians form the [[List of contemporary ethnic groups|largest ethno-linguistic group among Christians]] in the world, about 18% of the [[Christianity by country|world's Christian population]] are Hispanic (around 430 million).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |last2=Zurlo |first2=Gina A. |last3=Hickman |first3=Albert W. |last4=Crossing |first4=Peter F. |title=Christianity 2018: More African Christians and Counting Martyrs |journal=International Bulletin of Mission Research |date=November 2017 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=20–28 |doi=10.1177/2396939317739833 |s2cid=165905763 |access-date=24 September 2019|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320788300}}</ref>

In the United States, some 65% of Hispanics and Latinos report themselves Catholic and 21% Protestant, with 13% having no affiliation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/pdf/religion_hispanic_churches.pdf |title=Hispanic Churches in American Public Life: Summary of Findings |access-date=27 December 2006 |date=January 2003 |last1=Espinosa |first1=Gastón |last2=Elizondo |first2=Virgilio |last3=Miranda |first3=Jesse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101044854/http://www.pewtrusts.org/pdf/religion_hispanic_churches.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2006}}</ref> A minority among the Catholics, about one in five, are [[charismatic Christianity|charismatics]]. Among the Protestant, 85% are "[[Born again (Christianity)|Born-again Christians]]" and belong to [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] or [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] churches. Among the smallest groups, less than 4%, are Jewish.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="170 px" style="background:Lavender; color:Black"| Countries
! Population Total
! width="170 px" style="background:Lavender; color:Black" | Christians %
! Christian Population
! width="170 px" style="background:Lavender; color:Black" | Unaffiliated %
! Unaffiliated Population
! width="170 px" style="background:Lavender; color:Black"| Other religions %
! Other religions Population
!Source
|-
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|43,830,000||85.4%
|37,420,000
||12.1%
|5,320,000
||2.5%
|1,090,000
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050|website=Pewforum.org|date=2 April 2015|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221014350/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Bolivia}}
|11,830,000||94.0%
|11,120,000
||4.1%
|480,000
||1.9%
|230,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|18,540,000||88.3%
|16,380,000
||9.7%
|1,800,000
||2.0%
|360,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|52,160,000||92.3%
|48,150,000
||6.7%
|3,510,000
||1.0%
|500,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}
|5,270,000
|90.8%
|4,780,000
|8.0%
|420,000
|1.2%
|70,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|11,230,000
|58.9%
|6,610,000
|23.2%
|2,600,000
|17.9%
|2,020,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|11,280,000
|88.0%
|9,930,000
|10.9%
|1,230,000
|1.1%
|120,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
|16,480,000||94.0%
|15,490,000
||5.6%
|920,000
||0.4%
|70,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|El Salvador}}
|6,670,000
|88.0%
|5,870,000
|11.2%
|740,000
|0.8%
|60,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|1,469,000
|88.7%
|1,303,000
|5.0%
|73,000
|6.3%
|93,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Guatemala}}
|18,210,000
|95.3%
|17,360,000
|3.9%
|720,000
|0.8%
|130,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Honduras}}
|9,090,000
|87.5%
|7,950,000
|10.5%
|950,000
|2.0%
|190,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|126,010,000
|94.1%
|118,570,000
|5.7%
|7,240,000
|0.2%
|200,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}
|6,690,000
|85.3%
|5,710,000
|13.0%
|870,000
|1.7%
|110,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Panama}}
|4,020,000
|92.7%
|3,720,000
|5.0%
|200,000
|2.3%
|100,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|7,630,000||96.9%
|7,390,000
||1.1%
|90,000
||2.0%
|150,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
|32,920,000||95.4%
|31,420,000
||3.1%
|1,010,000
||1.5%
|490,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|118,000,000
|84%
|85,645,362
|0.04043%
|43,931
|15.3%
|18,054,000
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority {{!}} Republic of the Philippines |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=psa.gov.ph}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Puerto Rico}}
|3,790,000
|90.5%
|3,660,000
|7.3%
|80,000
|2.2%
|40,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|48,400,000
|75.2%
|34,410,000
|21.0%
|10,190,000
|3.8%
|1,800,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
|3,490,000||57.0%
|1,990,000
||41.5%
|1,450,000
||1.5%
|50,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|33,010,000||89.5%
|29,540,000
||9.7%
|3,220,000
||0.8%
|250,000
|<ref name="auto"/>
|}

==== Christianity ====
[[File:Escultura de la Virgen del Pilar, en la Basílica del Pilar de Zaragoza, España, Spain.jpg|thumb|The image of [[Our Lady of the Pillar]] wearing her canonical crown]]
Among the Spanish-speaking Catholics, most communities celebrate their homeland's [[patron saint]], dedicating a day for this purpose with festivals and religious services. Some Spanish-speakers in Latin America syncretize Roman Catholicism and African or Native American rituals and beliefs. Such is the case of [[Santería]], popular with [[Afro-Cubans]], which combines old African beliefs in the form of Roman Catholic saints and rituals. Other syncretistic beliefs include [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]] and [[Curandero|Curanderismo]].<ref name="mrt.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mrt.com/news/article/Univision-Curanderos-carry-on-traditions-of-7572561.php|title=Univision: Curanderos carry on traditions of Catholicism, African rites|website=mrt.com|date=15 February 2005}}</ref> In Catholic tradition, ''[[Our Lady of the Pillar]]'' is considered the Patroness of the [[Hispanic people]] and the [[Hispanidad|Hispanic world]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Fodor's Spain|first=William |last=Curtis|year=2004| isbn=9781400012701| page =232|publisher=University of Michigan Press|quote=the Virgen del Pilar, the patron saint not only of peninsular Spain but of the entire Hispanic world.}}</ref>

==== Islam ====
While a tiny minority, there are some Muslims in Latin America, in the United States,<ref name=":LMS">{{cite journal |last=Espinosa |first=Gaston |date=2017 |title=Latino Muslims in the United States: Reversion, Politics, and Islamidad |url=http://www.raceandreligion.com/JRER/Volume_8_%282017%29.html |journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Religion |volume=8 |access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> and in the Philippines. Those in the Philippines live predominantly in [[Bangsamoro]].<ref>[http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=472375&publicationSubCategoryId=205 RP closer to becoming observer-state in Organization of Islamic Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603143753/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=472375&publicationSubCategoryId=205 |date=June 3, 2016 }}. (May 29, 2009). ''[[The Philippine Star]]''. Retrieved 2009-07-10, "Eight million Muslim Filipinos, representing 10 percent of the total Philippine population, ...".</ref>

==== Judaism ====
There are also Spanish-speaking [[Jews]], most of whom are the descendants of [[Ashkenazi Jews]] who migrated from Europe (German Jews, Russian Jews, Polish Jews, etc.) to Hispanic America, particularly [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]], [[Peru]], and [[Cuba]] (Argentina is host to the third-largest Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States and Canada)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jppi.org.il/uploads/JPPI_2014-2015_Annual_Assessment-English.pdf |title=Annual Assessment: The Situation and Dynamics of the Jewish People |year=2015 |page=18 |work=The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute |access-date=19 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224004229/http://jppi.org.il/uploads/JPPI_2014-2015_Annual_Assessment-English.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ujc.org/section.html?id=29 |title=Global Jewish Populations |work=United Jewish Federations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531003148/http://www.ujc.org/section.html?id=29 |archive-date=2008-05-31 }}</ref> in the 19th century and following World War II. Many Spanish-speaking Jews also originate from the small communities of reconverted descendants of [[anusim]]—those whose Spanish [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] ancestors long ago hid their Jewish ancestry and beliefs in fear of persecution by the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and Ibero-America. The Spanish Inquisition led to many forced conversions of Spanish Jews.

Genetic studies on the (male) [[Y chromosome|Y-chromosome]] conducted by the [[University of Leeds]] in 2008 appear to support the idea that the number of forced conversions have been previously underestimated significantly. They found that twenty percent of Spanish males have Y-chromosomes associated with Sephardic Jewish ancestry.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nicholas |last=Wade |title=Gene Test Shows Spain's Jewish and Muslim Mix |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 December 2008 |page=A12 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/05/science/05genes.html |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This may imply that there were more forced conversions than was previously thought.

There are also thought to be many Catholic-professing descendants of [[marrano]]s and Spanish-speaking [[Crypto-Judaism|crypto-Jews]] in the [[Southwestern United States]] and scattered through Hispanic America. Additionally, there are Sephardic Jews who are descendants of those Jews who fled Spain to Turkey, [[Syria]], and North Africa, some of whom have now migrated to Hispanic America, holding on to some Spanish/Sephardic customs, such as the [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] language, which mixes Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and others, though written with Hebrew and Latin characters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Ladino |title=Ladino |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> [[Slavery|Ladinos]] were also African slaves captive in Spain held prior to the colonial period in the Americas. (See also [[History of the Jews in Latin America|History of the Jews in Hispanic America]] and [[List of Latin American Jews|List of Hispanic American Jews]].)