Editing History of cryptography (section)

===Germany===
The Germans made heavy use, in several variants, of an electromechanical [[rotor machine]] known as [[Enigma machine|Enigma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egress.com/history-of-encryption-infographic/|title=Infographic - The History of Encryption|website=www.egress.com|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> Mathematician [[Marian Rejewski]], at Poland's [[Biuro Szyfrów|Cipher Bureau]], in December 1932 deduced the detailed structure of the German Army Enigma, using mathematics and limited documentation supplied by Captain [[Gustave Bertrand]] of French [[military intelligence]] acquired from a German clerk. This "was one of the great achievements of cryptology," according to historian [[David Kahn (writer)|David Kahn]]. <ref>{{cite book|last1=David Kahn|title=The Codebreakers|date=December 1996|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781439103555|page=1073|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEH_rHkgaogC|access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> Rejewski and his mathematical Cipher Bureau colleagues, [[Jerzy Różycki]] and [[Henryk Zygalski]], continued reading Enigma and keeping pace with the evolution of the German Army machine's components and encipherment procedures for some time. As the Poles' resources became strained by the changes being introduced by the Germans, and as war loomed, the [[Biuro Szyfrów|Cipher Bureau]], on the Polish [[General Staff]]'s instructions, on 25 July 1939, at [[Warsaw]], initiated French and British intelligence representatives into the secrets of Enigma decryption.

Soon after the [[invasion of Poland]] by Germany on 1 September 1939, key [[Biuro Szyfrów|Cipher Bureau]] personnel were evacuated southeastward; on 17 September, as the [[Soviet invasion of Poland|Soviet Union attacked Poland]] from the East, they crossed into [[Romania]]. From there they reached Paris, France; at [[PC Bruno]], near Paris, they continued working toward breaking Enigma, collaborating with British [[cryptologist]]s at [[Bletchley Park]] as the British got up to speed on their work breaking Enigma. In due course, the British cryptographers{{snd}}whose ranks included many chess masters and mathematics dons such as [[Gordon Welchman]], [[Max Newman]], and [[Alan Turing]] (the conceptual founder of modern [[computer|computing]]){{snd}} made substantial breakthroughs in the scale and technology of [[cryptanalysis of the Enigma|Enigma decryption]].

[[German code breaking in World War II]] also had some success, most importantly by [[B-Dienst#Combined Naval Cipher No. 3|breaking the Naval Cipher No. 3]]. This enabled them to track and sink Atlantic convoys. It was only [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] intelligence that finally persuaded the admiralty to change their codes in June 1943. This is surprising given the success of the British [[Room 40]] code breakers in the previous world war.

At the end of the War, on 19 April 1945, Britain's highest level civilian and military officials were told that they could never reveal that the German Enigma cipher had been broken because it would give the defeated enemy the chance to say they "were not well and fairly beaten".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/06/22/nenigma22.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/06/22/ixuknews.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215125646/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/06/22/nenigma22.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/06/22/ixuknews.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 December 2007 | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Ben | last=Fenton | title=Enigma and the British code of honour | date=22 June 2006}}</ref>

The German military also deployed several [[teleprinter]] [[stream cipher]]s. Bletchley Park called them the [[FISH (cryptography)|Fish cipher]]s; [[Max Newman]] and colleagues designed and deployed the [[Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)|Heath Robinson]], and then the world's first programmable digital electronic computer, the [[Colossus computer|Colossus]], to help with their cryptanalysis. The German Foreign Office began to use the [[one-time pad]] in 1919; some of this traffic was read in World War II partly as the result of recovery of some key material in South America that was discarded without sufficient care by a German courier.

The ''[[Schlüsselgerät 41]]'' was developed late in the war as a more secure replacement for Enigma, but only saw limited use.