Editing Holism in science (section)

==== In physics ====
{{See also|Physics|Quantum physics}}

Richard Healey offered a modal interpretation and used it to present a model account of the puzzling correlations which portrays them as resulting from the operation of a process that violates both spatial and spatiotemporal separability. He argued that, on this interpretation, the nonseparability of the process is a consequence of physical property holism; and that the resulting account yields genuine understanding of how the correlations come about without any violation of relativity theory or Local Action.<ref name="Healey1991">{{cite book|author=Richard Healey|title=The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: An Interactive Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jc94Da5wmpcC|date=25 January 1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40874-5}}</ref> Subsequent work by Clifton, Dickson and Myrvold cast doubt on whether the account can be squared with relativity theory’s requirement of Lorentz invariance but leaves no doubt of an spatially entangled holism in the theory.<ref name="DieksVermaas2012">{{cite book|author1=Dennis Dieks|author2=Pieter E. Vermaas|title=The Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHkrBgAAQBAJ|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-5084-2|pages=9–44}}</ref><ref name="Myrvold 2002 pp. 1773–1784">{{cite journal | last=Myrvold | first=Wayne C. |title=Modal Interpretations and Relativity| journal=Foundations of Physics | volume=32 | issue=11 | year=2002 | issn=0015-9018 | doi=10.1023/a:1021406924313 | pages=1773–1784| arxiv=quant-ph/0209109 | bibcode=2002FoPh...32.1773M | s2cid=67757302 }}</ref> [[Paul Davies]] and [[John Gribbin]] further observe that [[Wheeler's delayed choice experiment]] shows how the quantum world displays a sort of holism in time as well as space.<ref name="DaviesGribbin2007">{{cite book|author1=Paul Davies|author2=John Gribbin|title=The Matter Myth: Dramatic Discoveries that Challenge Our Understanding of Physical Reality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlmEIGiZ0g4C|date=23 October 2007|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-9091-3|page=283}}</ref>

In the [[Holomovement|holistic approach]] of [[David Bohm]], any collection of quantum objects constitutes an indivisible whole within an [[Implicate and explicate order according to David Bohm|implicate and explicate order]].<ref>Richard Healey: [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/physics-holism/#OHQM ''Holism and Nonseparability in Physics (Spring 2009 Edition)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202071108/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/physics-holism/#OHQM |date=2013-12-02 }}, Edward N. Zalta (ed.), first published July 22, 1999; substantive revision December 10, 2008, ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Section: "Ontological Holism in Quantum Mechanics?" (retrieved June 3, 2011)</ref><ref name="BohmHiley2006">{{cite book|author1=David Bohm|author2=Basil J. Hiley|title=The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paGIAgAAQBAJ|date=16 January 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-80713-0}}</ref> Bohm said there is no scientific evidence to support the dominant view that the universe consists of a huge, finite number of minute particles, and offered instead a view of undivided wholeness: "ultimately, the entire universe (with all its 'particles', including those constituting human beings, their laboratories, observing instruments, etc.) has to be understood as a single undivided whole, in which analysis into separately and independently existent parts has no fundamental status".<ref name="Bohm2005">{{cite book|author=David Bohm|author-link=David Bohm|title=Wholeness and the Implicate Order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVoh-M36JoAC|date=12 July 2005|page=221|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-43872-3}}</ref>