Editing Holy Saturday (section)

==Religious and cultural practices==

===Eastern traditions===
====Eastern Orthodox====
[[File:Russian Resurrection icon.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[icon]] of Holy and Great Saturday, portraying the [[Harrowing of Hades]]]]
[[File:Holy Fire in Jerusalem 2022.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Holy Fire]] in 2022]]
[[Matins]] of Holy and Great Saturday (in parishes usually held on Friday evening)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orthochristian.com/78602.html|title=The Lamentations Service for Holy Saturday Matins|website=OrthoChristian.Com|access-date=2019-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schmemann.org/byhim/matinsholysaturday.html|title=Protopresbyter Alexander Schmemann: This is the Blessed Sabbath|website=schmemann.org|access-date=2019-04-28}}</ref> takes the form of a funeral service for Christ. The entire service takes place around the ''[[Epitaphios (liturgical)|Epitaphios]]'', an icon in the form of a cloth embroidered with the image of Christ prepared for burial. The first part of the service consists of chanting [[Psalm 119|Psalm 118]], as usual at both Saturday matins and at funerals, but interspersed with hymns (''[[Epitafios Thrinos|enkomia]]'' or ''lamentations'') between the verses. The predominant theme of the service is not so much one of mourning, but of watchful expectation:<ref>{{Cite book
|last1 = Kallistos (Ware)
|first1 = Bishop
|author-link = Timothy Ware
|last2 = Mary
|first2 = Mother
|year = 1977
|publication-date = 2002
|title = The Lenten Triodion
|page = 63
|place = South Canaan PA
|publisher = St. Tikhon's Seminary Press
|isbn = 1-878997-51-3
|oclc = 189871515
}}</ref>

<blockquote>Today Thou dost keep holy the seventh day,<br> Which Thou has blessed of old by resting from Thy works.<br> Thou bringest all things into being and Thou makest all things new,<br> Observing the Sabbath rest, my Saviour, and restoring strength.<ref>Matins [[Canon (hymnography)|Canon]] of Holy and Great Saturday, Ode 4</ref></blockquote>

Near the end of matins, at the end of the [[Great Doxology]], the Epitaphios is taken up and carried in [[Procession#Eastern Orthodox|procession]] around the outside of the church, while the [[Trisagion]] is sung, as is done when carrying the body to the cemetery in an Orthodox burial.

[[File:HolySaturdayDivineLiturgy.jpg|thumb|upright|Divine Liturgy of Holy Saturday in a Greek Orthodox church in the United States]]
On Saturday, a [[vespers|vesperal]] [[Divine Liturgy]] of Saint [[Basil the Great]] is celebrated, called the First Resurrection Service (Greek: {{lang|el|Ἡ Πρώτη Ἀνάστασις}}), named so because chronologically it was composed earlier than the Paschal Canon by St. [[John of Damascus]]<ref>Parry et al. (1999), p. 390</ref> rather than because it occurs earlier liturgically.<ref>{{Cite book
|last1 = Parry
|first1 = Ken
|last2 = Melling
|first2 = David J.
|last3 = Brady
|first3 = Dimitri
|last4 = Griffith
|first4 = Sidney H.
|last5 = Healey
|first5 = John F.
|year = 1999
|title = The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity
|pages = 390–391
|place = Oxford
|publisher = Blackwell
|isbn = 0-631-23203-6
}}</ref> This is the longest Divine Liturgy of the entire year and is performed later than on any other day of the year, "at the tenth hour of the day".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/liturgics_averky_e.htm#_Toc104768203 |title=Great Saturday |author=Archbishop Averky (Taushev) |translator=Archbishop [[Laurus Škurla]] |date=1976 |work=Liturgics |publisher=[Holy Trinity Monastery (Jordanville, New York)] |access-date=2020-09-14 }}</ref> 

On 'Lord, I call', four of the usual Sunday hymns from the Octoechos are sung, followed by four for the day, the doxasticon from Lauds the night before and the usual dogmatikon. After the [[Little Entrance]], there is no Evening Prokimenon, but there are 15 [[Old Testament]] readings that recall the history of salvation, many of which relate to Passover, baptism, or the Resurrection (note that book names here are given according to the Septuagint):

* Genesis 1:1-13 – God creates the universe
* Isaiah 60:1-16 – Isaiah prophecies a golden age for Judah
* Exodus 12:1-11 – God gives instructions for the first Passover
* Jonah 1:1-4:11 – Jonah spends three days in the belly of a sea monster
* Joshua 5:10-15 – Joshua celebrates Passover
* Exodus 13:20-15:19 – The Israelites cross the Red Sea (note that the final 19 verses are sung as a canticle)
* Zephaniah 3:8-15 – God promises refuge to Israel
* 3 Kings 17:8-24 – Elijah meets the widow of Zarephath and resurrects her son
* Isaiah 61:10-62:5 – Isaiah celebrates a coming salvation
* Genesis 22:1-18 – God tests Abraham by telling him to sacrifice his son Isaac
* Isaiah 61:1-9 – Isaiah explains the role of a prophet and the relationship Israel will have with God
* 4 Kings 4:8-37 – Elisha resurrects the son of the Shunamite woman
* Isaiah 63:11-64:5 – Isaiah remembers the crossing of the Red Sea and prays for his people
* Jeremiah 31:31-34 – Jeremiah prophecies the new covenant
* Daniel 3:1-89 – The Three Holy Youths are cast into a fiery furnace (note that the final 33 verses (and three extra-biblical ones) are sung as a canticle)

In place of the Trisagion, the baptismal hymn 'As many as have been baptised into Christ have put on Christ. Alleluia.' is sung. The Prokimenon is from Psalm 65 (66), made up of verses from the First Antiphon of Pascha: 'Let all the earth worship Thee: sing of Thee and praise Thy Name, O most High.' The Epistle is Romans 6:3-11, St. Paul's explanation of the role of death and resurrection in baptism. This is the standard epistle read at baptisms.

Unique to this day, the Alleluia is replaced with Psalm 81 (82) being sung: "Arise, O God, judge Thou the earth: for Thou shalt have an inheritance in all the nations" while the deacon performs a [[thurible|censing]] of the church. In Slavic tradition where the service is begun in dark vestments, the [[antependium|hangings]], [[altar cloth]]s, curtain and [[vestment]]s are changed to bright. In Greek and Arabic tradition, the clergy strew [[Bay laurel|laurel]] leaves (a symbol of victory) and flower petals all over the church to symbolize Jesus' triumph over death, often accompanied – especially in Cypriot custom<ref>[https://www.oca.org/reflections/fr.-john-jillions/march-12-2014 Chancellor's Diary: March 12, 2014], ''[[Orthodox Church in America]]''</ref> – by the congregation making a loud noise by stamping their feet, banging on pews and sticks, and even clanging pots and pans, all to symbolize Christ shattering the gates and breaking the chains of hell. 

The liturgical atmosphere changes from sorrow to joy at this service. The faithful continue to [[fasting|fast]] and the [[Paschal greeting]], "Christ is risen!", is not exchanged until after midnight during the [[Paschal Vigil]] since this service represents the proclamation of Jesus' victory over death to those in Hades. The [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]] has not yet been announced to those on earth, which takes place during the Paschal Vigil.

The Gospel reading is Matthew 28:1-20, St. Matthew's account of the Resurrection. While the first fifteen verses are not read at any other time, the final five verses form one of the Sunday Matins Gospels and are the standard Gospel reading for baptisms.

The Cherubic Hymn is replaced by '[[Let all mortal flesh keep silence]]', an analogous hymn from the ancient [[Liturgy of Saint James]], and the Hymn to the Theotokos is replaced with the irmos from Ode 9 of the Canon the night before, Christ's promise to His Mother that she will be magnified following His Resurrection, but other than that the Liturgy proceeds as any other Liturgy of St. Basil. After the service, in many places, it is customary to break and bless bread as at a Vigil, but to omit the blessing of oil.

[[Great Lent]] was originally the period of [[catechesis]] for new converts in order to prepare them for [[baptism]] and [[chrismation]] and when there are converts received, that occurs during the Old testament readings during the vesperal divine liturgy. Before the midnight service, the faithful gather in church for the reading of the [[Acts of the Apostles]] in its entirety. Preceding midnight the [[Paschal Vigil]] begins with the [[Midnight Office]], during which the [[Canon (hymnography)|Canon]] of Holy Saturday is repeated, toward the end of which the epitaphios is removed from the center of the church and placed on the altar table where it remains until the [[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]].{{efn|In Greek practice, this was done at Matins the night before (i.e. Matins of Holy Saturday).{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}}} Then, all of the candles and lights in the church are extinguished, and all wait in darkness and silence for the proclamation of the Resurrection of Christ.

===Western traditions===
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====Roman Catholicism====

[[File:Ibaan Easter Vigil (Paschal Candle and Fire) 2024-03-30.jpg|upright=1.3|thumb|Lighting of the [[Paschal candle|Paschal Candle]] from the [[Easter fire]] symbolises Christ's triumph over darkness.]]

In the [[Catholic Church]], the [[altar]] remains stripped completely bare (following the [[Mass of the Lord's Supper]] on [[Maundy Thursday]]). The celebration of the Sacraments is extremely limited: [[Holy Communion]] is given only as [[Viaticum]] to the dying; while [[penance]], [[Anointing of the Sick]] and [[baptism]] may be administered because they, like Viaticum, are helpful to ensuring salvation for the dying. The day is the second day of the Paschal fast as outlined in [[Sacrosanctum Concilium]], Article 110.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html|title=Sacrosanctum concilium|website=vatican.va}}</ref> In the Roman Catholic Church, plenary indulgence is obtained if two or more faithfuls pray the Holy [[Rosary]] or if the faithful attends the celebration of the Easter Vigil and renews their [[Baptism|baptismal promises]], which are part of the liturgy of the same Mass.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/246665/how-to-obtain-a-plenary-indulgence-during-holy-week|title=How to obtain plenary indulgence during Holy Week}}</ref>

[[File:Baptism on Easter Vigil (13965648055).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Catholics typically perform the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church#Sacraments of initiation#Baptism|sacrament of Baptism]] on Holy Saturday Mass.]][[File:Renovación de las promesas del bautismo.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Sprinkling of holy water following the renewal of baptismal vows]]

In the [[Roman Catholicism in the Philippines|predominantly Catholic Philippines]], the day is legally and colloquially known as ''Black Saturday'', given the colour's role in mourning. It commemorates the day that Jesus lay in his tomb.<ref>[https://siquijorprovince.com/black-saturday/ "Black Saturday", Siquijor Tourism Office]</ref> Traditional taboos from the previous day are carried over and are sometimes broken; swimming is allowed in the afternoon. Most commercial establishments resume operations, with smaller enterprises remaining closed until or before Easter. Television and radio stations broadcast on shorter hours with special programming or remain off-air.<ref>[https://www.traveldailymedia.com/5-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-holy-week-in-the-philippines/ Tolentino, Christian. "5 things you probably didn’t know about Holy Week in the Philippines", TD Media, March 28, 2018]</ref>

In predominantly Catholic Poland, [[Święconka]] ({{IPA|pol|ɕvʲɛnˈtsɔnka}}), meaning "the blessing of the Easter baskets", on Holy Saturday, is one of the most enduring and beloved traditions. Baskets containing eggs, ham, bread, sweet breads, horseradish, and lamb cakes or butter lambs are brought to church to be blessed.<ref>[https://www.countryliving.com/life/a26388818/what-is-holy-saturday/ Sansone, Arricca Elin. "How do people commemorate Holy Saturday?", ''Country Living'', March 1, 2019]</ref>

====Protestantism====

Lutheran, Anglican, Methodist, and other Churches observe many of the same customs as the Catholic Church; however, their altars may be covered in black instead of being stripped. The Anglican [[Book of Common Prayer]] uses Easter Even to designate the day. In some Anglican churches, including the [[Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America]], provision is made for a simple [[Liturgy of the Word]] on this day, with readings commemorating the burial of Christ. Daily Offices are still observed. In the [[Moravian Church]], the day is known as Great Sabbath.<ref name="Walker2014"/>

In the Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and Methodist traditions, Holy Saturday lasts until nightfall, after which the [[Easter Vigil]] is celebrated, marking the official start of the [[Eastertide|Easter season]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Liturgical Seasons of the Church Year |url=http://www.stjohnchurchmars.org/liturgical-seasons-of-the-church-year/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107093724/http://www.stjohnchurchmars.org/liturgical-seasons-of-the-church-year/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2019 |publisher=St John Lutheran Church |access-date=11 April 2020 |language=en |quote=Holy Saturday is a day of waiting and yearning until evening when the Easter Vigil is celebrated. Some Anglican churches prefer to celebrate Easter at dawn on Easter Day. }}</ref>

In the [[Moravian Church]], people decorate the graves in [[God's Acre]] with flowers; the [[sunrise service]], the first liturgy of Paschaltide, begins before dawn of Easter Sunday.<ref name="Home">{{cite web |title=Lent, Holy Week and Easter |url=https://www.homemoravian.org/who-we/our-worship/easter-sunrise-se/ |publisher=Home Moravian Church |access-date=3 April 2021 |language=English |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412212007/https://www.homemoravian.org/who-we/our-worship/easter-sunrise-se/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=180px>
File:Chancel of Trinity Lutheran Church on Holy Saturday.jpg|The [[chancel]] of a [[Lutheran]] church on Holy Saturday is adorned with black [[parament]]s, as black is the liturgical colour of this day in the Lutheran Churches.
File:BenedictineVespers.jpg|[[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] [[monk]]s singing [[Vespers]] on Holy Saturday
</gallery>