Editing Human security (section)

===Relationship with traditional security===

{{see also|Political realism}}

Coined in the early 1990s, the term human security has been used by thinkers who have sought to shift the discourse on security away from its traditional state-centered orientation to the protection and advancement of individuals within societies.<ref name="MacFarlane">{{Cite news |last=IkenberrySeptember/October 2006 |first=G. John |date=2009-01-28 |title=Human Security and the UN: A Critical History |language=en-US |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2006-09-01/human-security-and-un-critical-history |access-date=2022-10-04 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref><ref name="Arcudi, 2006">Arcudi, Giovanni (2006). [http://www.cairn.info/publications-de-Arcudi-Giovanni--30998.htm “La sécurité entre permanence et changement”], ''Relations Internationales,'' Vol. 1, No. 125, pp. 97-109. ISSN 0335-2013, [http://www.cairn.info/revue-relations-internationales-2006-1-page-97.htm DOI 10.3917/ri.125.0097]</ref> Human security emerged as a challenge to ideas of traditional security, but human and traditional or [[national security]] are not [[mutually exclusive]] concepts. It has been argued that, without human security, traditional state security cannot be attained and vice versa.<ref name="HSC"/>

[[Image:Europe map 1648.PNG|thumb|300px|Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648]]
'''Traditional security''' is about a state's ability to defend itself against external threats. Traditional security (often referred to as [[national security]] or [[Security agency|state security]]) describes the philosophy of international security predominance since the [[Peace of Westphalia]] in 1648 and the rise of the [[nation-states]]. While [[international relations theory]] includes many variants of traditional security, from [[Realism (international relations)|realism]] to [[liberalism]], the fundamental trait that these schools share is their focus on the primacy of the [[nation-state]].

The following table contrasts four differences between the two perspectives:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 
! Traditional Security
! Human Security
|-
| Referent
| Traditional security policies are designed to promote demands ascribed to the state. Other interests are subordinated to those of the state. Traditional security protects a state's boundaries, people, institutions and values.
| Human security is people-centered. Its focus shifts to protecting individuals. The important dimensions are to entail the well-being of individuals and respond to ordinary people's needs in dealing with sources of threats.
|-
| Scope
| Traditional security seeks to defend states from external [[aggression]]. [[Walter Lippmann]] explained that state security is about a state's ability to deter or defeat an attack.<ref>Walter Lippmann, U.S. Foreign Policy (Boston, 1943), p.51</ref> It makes use of deterrence strategies to maintain the integrity of the state and protect the territory from external threats.
| In addition to protecting the state from external aggression, human security would expand the scope of protection to include a broader range of threats, including environmental pollution, [[infectious diseases]], and economic deprivation.
|-
| Actor(s)
| The state is the sole actor. Decision-making power is centralized in the government. Traditional security assumes that a sovereign state is operating in an anarchical international environment, in which there is no world governing body to enforce international rules of conduct.
| The realization of human security involves not only governments, but a broader participation of different actors,<ref name="Jeong">Jeong Ho-Won (undated): Human Security and Conflict. George Mason University. [http://www.gmu.edu/academic/hsp/Jeong.htm online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228175704/http://www.gmu.edu/academic/hsp/Jeong.htm |date=2009-02-28 }}</ref> viz. regional and international organizations, non-governmental organizations and local communities.
|-
| Means
| Traditional security relies upon building up national power and military defense. The common forms it takes are armament races, alliances, strategic boundaries, etc.
| Human security not only protects but also empowers people and societies as a means of security. People contribute by identifying and implementing solutions to insecurity.
|}