Editing HyperCard (section)

==History==
===Development===
Among the earliest Macintosh programs was Rolo, a simple free-form database program that Atkinson distributed on [[bulletin board system]]s.{{r|miller19870817}} He created HyperCard following an [[lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] trip.<ref name="Tri2">{{Triangulation|247|[[Bill Atkinson]]}} ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INdByDjhClU?t=1364 link])</ref> Work for it began in March 1985 under the name of WildCard (hence its [[creator code]] of WILD). In 1986, Dan Winkler began work on [[HyperTalk]] and the name was changed to HyperCard for [[trademark]] reasons. It was released on 11 August 1987 for the first day of the [[MacWorld Conference & Expo]] in [[Boston]],<ref name=macuser1188>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[MacUser (US edition)|MacUser]] |date=November 1988 |pages=63–66 |title=The Price of Freedom |first=Steven |last=Bobker |volume=4 |issue=11 |url=https://archive.org/details/MacUser8811November1988/page/n66/mode/2up}}</ref> with the understanding that Atkinson would give HyperCard to Apple only if the company promised to release it for free on all Macs. Apple timed its release to coincide with Macworld to guarantee maximum publicity.

Apple chairman [[John Sculley]] said "Hypercard opens up the Macintosh software environment in much the way the [[Macintosh II]] opened up Mac hardware". It and [[MultiFinder]], also announced at Macworld, would be bundled with new Macs, and $49 each for existing customers.{{r|flynn19870817}}

===Launch===
HyperCard was successful almost instantly. The Apple Programmer's and Developer's Association (APDA) said, "HyperCard has been an informational feeding frenzy. From August [1987, when it was announced] to October our phones never stopped ringing. It was a zoo." Within a few months of release, there were multiple HyperCard books and a 50 disk set of public domain stacks.<ref name="APDA Pinpoints">{{cite interview | magazine=[[InfoWorld]] | date=May 23, 1988 | title=APDA Pinpoints Development Trends in Macintosh Products | first=David | last=Lingwood | interviewer=Stuart J. Johnston| volume=10| issue=21| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4T4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA103 | page=S9 | access-date=March 30, 2019}}</ref> Apple's project managers found HyperCard was being used by a huge number of people, internally and externally. Bug reports and upgrade suggestions continued to flow in, demonstrating its wide variety of users. Since it was also free, it was difficult to justify dedicating engineering resources to improvements in the software. Apple and its mainstream developers understood that HyperCard's user empowerment could reduce the sales of ordinary shrink-wrapped products.<ref>{{cite web |first= Douglas |last= Adams |author-link= Douglas Adams |orig-year= 1989 |newspaper= [[MacWorld]] |title= Frank the Vandal |year= 2002 |publisher= Pan MacMillan |url= http://www.douglasadams.com/dna/980707-00-a.html | access-date=March 30, 2019}}</ref> Stewart Alsop II speculated that HyperCard might replace [[Finder (software)|Finder]] as the [[Shell (computing)|shell]] of the Macintosh graphical user interface.<ref name="alsop19880118">{{Cite journal |last=Alsop |first=Stewart II |date=1988-01-18 |title=Apple's Finder: Maturity in UI |url=http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/PC-Letter_19880118.pdf |journal=P.C. Letter |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=4–5}}</ref>

===HyperCard 2.0===
In late 1989, Kevin Calhoun, then a HyperCard engineer at Apple, led an effort to upgrade the program. This resulted in HyperCard 2.0, released in 1990. The new version included an on-the-fly [[compiler]] that greatly increased performance of computationally intensive code, a new [[debugger]] and many improvements to the underlying HyperTalk language.

At the same time HyperCard 2.0 was being developed, a separate group within Apple developed and in 1991 released HyperCard IIGS, a version of HyperCard for the [[Apple IIGS]] system. Aimed mainly at the education market, HyperCard IIGS has roughly the same feature set as the 1.x versions of Macintosh HyperCard, while adding support for the color graphics abilities of the IIGS. Although ''stacks'' (HyperCard program documents) are not binary-compatible, a translator program (another HyperCard stack) allows them to be moved from one platform to the other.

Then, Apple decided that most of its application software packages, including HyperCard, would be the property of a wholly owned subsidiary called [[Claris]]. Many of the HyperCard developers chose to stay at Apple rather than move to Claris, causing the development team to be split. Claris attempted to create a business model where HyperCard could also generate revenues. At first the freely-distributed versions of HyperCard shipped with authoring disabled. Early versions of Claris HyperCard contain an [[Easter Egg]]: typing "magic" into the message box converts the player into a full HyperCard authoring environment.<ref>{{cite magazine| magazine=[[MacTech]]| volume=10| issue=3|url=http://preserve.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.10/10.03/Hypercard2.2/index.html| first=Paul| last=Foraker|title=Apple's taken HyperCard back from Claris. Here's what they've done with it|quote=Claris also tried an interim scheme of shipping a crippled, low user-level, Home stack, which users could override by typing 'magic' in the message box. There was some confusion between this version and the Player, that had people trying unsuccessfully to type 'magic' in the message box of the Player. The magic in HyperCard 2.2 is all plain and visible.}}</ref> When this trick became nearly universal, they wrote a new version, HyperCard Player, which Apple distributed with the Macintosh [[operating system]], while Claris sold the full version commercially. Many users were upset that they had to pay to use software that had traditionally been supplied free and which many considered a basic part of the Mac.

Even after HyperCard was generating revenue, Claris did little to market it. Development continued with minor upgrades, and the first failed attempt to create a third generation of HyperCard. During this period, HyperCard began losing market share. Without several important, basic features, HyperCard authors began moving to systems such as [[SuperCard]] and [[Macromedia Authorware]]. Nonetheless, HyperCard continued to be popular and used for a widening range of applications, from the game ''[[The Manhole]]'', an earlier effort by the creators of ''[[Myst]]'', to corporate information services.

Apple eventually folded Claris back into the parent company, returning HyperCard to Apple's core engineering group. In 1992, Apple released the eagerly anticipated upgrade of HyperCard 2.2 and included licensed versions of Color Tools and Addmotion II, adding support for color pictures and animations. However, these tools are limited and often cumbersome to use because HyperCard 2.0 lacks true, internal color support.

===HyperCard 3.0===
Several attempts were made to restart HyperCard development once it returned to Apple. Because of the product's widespread use as a multimedia-authoring tool it was rolled into the [[QuickTime]] group. A new effort to allow HyperCard to create QuickTime interactive (QTi) movies started, once again under the direction of Kevin Calhoun. QTi extended QuickTime's core multimedia playback features to provide true interactive facilities and a low-level programming language based on [[Motorola 68000|68000]] assembly language.  The resulting HyperCard 3.0 was first presented in 1996 when an alpha-quality version was shown to developers at Apple's annual [[Apple Worldwide Developers Conference]] (WWDC).<ref>{{cite journal |first =Clifford |last= Colby |date=September 1996 |url= http://folkstream.com/muse/teachhc/hc3.html |title= HyperCard's new deal: QuickTime authoring |journal= MacWeek}}</ref> Under the leadership of [[Dan Crow (computer scientist)|Dan Crow]] development continued through the late 1990s, with public demos showing many popular features such as color support, Internet connectivity, and the ability to play HyperCard stacks (which were now special QuickTime movies) in a [[web browser]]. Development upon HyperCard 3.0 stalled when the QuickTime team was focused away from developing QuickTime interactive to the streaming features of QuickTime 4.0. in 1998<ref>{{Cite journal |last= Duncan |first= Geoff |title= Alas, HyperCard! |journal= TidBits |date= November 2, 1998 |url= http://db.tidbits.com/article/5155}}</ref> [[Steve Jobs]] disliked the software because Atkinson had chosen to stay at Apple to finish it instead of joining Jobs at [[NeXT]], and (according to Atkinson) "it had Sculley's stink all over it".<ref name="Tri2"/> In 2000, the HyperCard engineering team was reassigned to other tasks after Jobs decided to abandon the product. Calhoun and Crow both left Apple shortly after, in 2001.

Its final release was in 1998, and it was totally discontinued in March 2004.<ref>{{Citation |first= Tim |last= Oren |date= March 26, 2004 |url= http://due-diligence.typepad.com/ |contribution-url= http://due-diligence.typepad.com/blog/2004/03/a_eulogy_for_hy.html |title= Due diligence |publisher= Type pad |contribution= A Eulogy for HyperCard |type= blog}}</ref>

HyperCard runs natively only in the [[classic Mac OS]], but it can still be used in [[macOS|Mac OS X]]'s [[Classic (Mac OS X)|Classic]] mode on PowerPC based machines (G5 and earlier). The last functional native HyperCard authoring environment is Classic mode in Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger) on PowerPC-based machines.