Editing IBM Blue Gene (section)

==Blue Gene/P==
[[Image:BlueGeneP rack.jpg|right|thumbnail|A Blue Gene/P node card]]
[[Image:BlueGeneP schema.png|right|thumbnail|A schematic overview of a Blue Gene/P supercomputer]]

In June 2007, IBM unveiled '''Blue Gene/P''', the second generation of the Blue Gene series of supercomputers and designed through a collaboration that included IBM, LLNL, and [[Argonne National Laboratory]]'s [http://www.alcf.anl.gov/ Leadership Computing Facility].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/21791.wss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708225400/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/21791.wss |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 8, 2007 |title=IBM Triples Performance of World's Fastest, Most Energy-Efficient Supercomputer |date=2007-06-27 |access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref>

===Design===
The design of Blue Gene/P is a technology evolution from Blue Gene/L. Each Blue Gene/P Compute chip contains four [[PowerPC 400#PowerPC 450|PowerPC 450]] processor cores, running at 850&nbsp;MHz. The cores are [[cache coherence|cache coherent]] and the chip can operate as a 4-way [[Symmetric multiprocessing|symmetric multiprocessor]] (SMP). The memory subsystem on the chip consists of small private L2 caches, a central shared 8&nbsp;MB L3 cache, and dual [[DDR2 SDRAM|DDR2]] memory controllers. The chip also integrates the logic for node-to-node communication, using the same network topologies as Blue Gene/L, but at more than twice the bandwidth. A compute card contains a Blue Gene/P chip with 2 or 4&nbsp;GB DRAM, comprising a "compute node". A single compute node has a peak performance of 13.6&nbsp;GFLOPS. 32 Compute cards are plugged into an air-cooled node board. A [[19-inch rack|rack]] contains 32 node boards (thus 1024 nodes, 4096 processor cores).<ref>{{ cite journal |title=Overview of the IBM Blue Gene/P project |journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development |date=Jan 2008 |doi=10.1147/rd.521.0199 |volume=52 |pages=199–220}}</ref>
By using many small, low-power, densely packaged chips, Blue Gene/P exceeded the [[Performance per watt|power efficiency]] of other supercomputers of its generation, and at 371&nbsp;[[FLOPS per watt|MFLOPS/W]] Blue Gene/P installations ranked at or near the top of the [[Green500]] lists in 2007–2008.<ref name=Green500/>

===Installations===
The following is an incomplete list of Blue Gene/P installations. Per November 2009, the [[TOP500]] list contained 15 Blue Gene/P installations of 2-racks (2048 nodes, 8192 processor cores, 23.86&nbsp;[[FLOPS|TFLOPS]] [[Linpack]]) and larger.<ref name=Top500/>
* On November 12, 2007, the first Blue Gene/P installation, [[JUGENE]], with 16 racks (16,384 nodes, 65,536 processors) was running at [[Forschungszentrum Jülich]] in [[Germany]] with a performance of 167&nbsp;TFLOPS.<ref>{{cite news | title = Supercomputing: Jülich Amongst World Leaders Again | publisher = IDG News Service | date = 2007-11-12 | url = http://www.pressebox.de/pressemeldungen/ibm-deutschland-gmbh-4/boxid-136200.html | archive-date = 2009-02-08 | access-date = 2007-11-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090208210131/http://www.pressebox.de/pressemeldungen/ibm-deutschland-gmbh-4/boxid-136200.html | url-status = live }}</ref> When inaugurated it was the fastest supercomputer in Europe and the sixth fastest in the world. In 2009, JUGENE was upgraded to 72 racks (73,728 nodes, 294,912 processor cores) with 144 terabytes of memory and 6 petabytes of storage, and achieved a peak performance of 1 PetaFLOPS. This configuration incorporated new air-to-water heat exchangers between the racks, reducing the cooling cost substantially.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/26657.wss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212135256/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/26657.wss |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2009 |title=IBM Press room - 2009-02-10 New IBM Petaflop Supercomputer at German Forschungszentrum Juelich to Be Europe's Most Powerful |publisher=03.ibm.com |date=2009-02-10 |access-date=2011-03-11}}</ref> JUGENE was shut down in July 2012 and replaced by the Blue Gene/Q system [[JUQUEEN]].
* The 40-rack (40960 nodes, 163840 processor cores) "Intrepid" system at [[Argonne National Laboratory]] was ranked #3 on the June 2008 Top 500 list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcs.anl.gov/news/detail.php?id=147|title=Argonne's Supercomputer Named World's Fastest for Open Science, Third Overall|website=Mcs.anl.gov|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208225756/http://www.mcs.anl.gov/news/detail.php?id=147|archive-date=8 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Intrepid system is one of the major resources of the INCITE program, in which processor hours are awarded to "grand challenge" science and engineering projects in a peer-reviewed competition.
* [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] installed a 36-rack Blue Gene/P installation, "Dawn", in 2009.
* The [[King Abdullah University of Science and Technology]] ([[KAUST]]) installed a 16-rack Blue Gene/P installation, "[[Shaheen (supercomputer)|Shaheen]]", in 2009.
* In 2012, a 6-rack Blue Gene/P was installed at [[Rice University]] and will be jointly administered with the [[University of São Paulo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.rice.edu/2012/03/30/rice-university-ibm-partner-to-bring-first-blue-gene-supercomputer-to-texas/|title=Rice University, IBM partner to bring first Blue Gene supercomputer to Texas|website=news.rice.edu|access-date=2012-04-01|archive-date=2012-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405051308/http://news.rice.edu/2012/03/30/rice-university-ibm-partner-to-bring-first-blue-gene-supercomputer-to-texas/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* A 2.5 rack Blue Gene/P system is the central processor for the Low Frequency Array for Radio astronomy ([[Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)|LOFAR]]) project in the Netherlands and surrounding European countries. This application uses the streaming data capabilities of the machine.
* A 2-rack Blue Gene/P was installed in September 2008 in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]], and is operated by the [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]] and [[Sofia University]].<ref>[http://dnes.dir.bg/2008/09/09/news3363693.html#sepultura Вече си имаме и суперкомпютър] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223090815/http://dnes.dir.bg/2008/09/09/news3363693.html#sepultura |date=2009-12-23 }}, Dir.bg, 9 September 2008</ref>
* In 2010, a 2-rack (8192-core) Blue Gene/P was installed at the [[University of Melbourne]] for the [[Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/au/en/pressrelease/29383.wss |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716051136/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/au/en/pressrelease/29383.wss |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 16, 2012 |title=IBM Press room - 2010-02-11 IBM to Collaborate with Leading Australian Institutions to Push the Boundaries of Medical Research - Australia |publisher=03.ibm.com |date=2010-02-11 |access-date=2011-03-11}}</ref>
* In 2011, a 2-rack Blue Gene/P was installed at [[University of Canterbury]] in Christchurch, New Zealand.
* In 2012, a 2-rack Blue Gene/P was installed at [[Rutgers University]] in Piscataway, New Jersey. It was dubbed "Excalibur" as an homage to the Rutgers mascot, the Scarlet Knight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/hardware/supercomputers/rutgers-gets-big-data-weapon-in-ibm-supe/232700313 |title=Rutgers Gets Big Data Weapon in IBM Supercomputer - Hardware - |access-date=2013-09-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306182855/http://www.informationweek.com/hardware/supercomputers/rutgers-gets-big-data-weapon-in-ibm-supe/232700313 |archive-date=2013-03-06 }}</ref>
* In 2008, a 1-rack (1024 nodes) Blue Gene/P with 180 TB of storage was installed at the [[University of Rochester]] in [[Rochester, New York]].<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Rochester and IBM Expand Partnership in Pursuit of New Frontiers in Health|url=http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3498|publisher=University of Rochester Medical Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511152144/http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3498|archive-date=2012-05-11|date=May 11, 2012}}</ref>
* The first Blue Gene/P in the ASEAN region was installed in 2010 at the [[Universiti Brunei Darussalam|Universiti of Brunei Darussalam]]’s research centre, the [[UBD IBM Centre|UBD-IBM Centre]]. The installation has prompted research collaboration between the university and IBM research on climate modeling that will investigate the [[effects of climate change|impact of climate change]] on flood forecasting, crop yields, renewable energy and the health of rainforests in the region among others.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM and Universiti Brunei Darussalam to Collaborate on Climate Modeling Research|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/32755.wss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212031355/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/32755.wss|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 12, 2010|publisher=IBM News Room|access-date=18 October 2012|date=2010-10-13}}</ref>
* In 2013, a 1-rack Blue Gene/P was donated to the [[Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)|Department of Science and Technology]] of the Philippines for weather forecasts, disaster management, precision agriculture, and health. It is housed in the National Computer Center at the [[University of the Philippines Diliman]], Quezon City, under the auspices of [[Philippine Genome Center]] Core Facility for Bioinformatics (CFB).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/04/15/1312838/dosts-supercomputer-scientists-now-operational|title=DOST's supercomputer for scientists now operational|first=Rainier Allan|last=Ronda|website=Philstar.com|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624074013/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/04/15/1312838/dosts-supercomputer-scientists-now-operational|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Applications===
* [[Veselin Topalov]], the challenger to the [[World Chess Championship 2010|World Chess Champion]] title in 2010, confirmed in an interview that he had used a Blue Gene/P supercomputer during his preparation for the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://players.chessdom.com/veselin-topalov/topalov-blue-gene-p|title=Topalov training with super computer Blue Gene P|website=Players.chessdo.com|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=19 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519190040/http://players.chessdom.com/veselin-topalov/topalov-blue-gene-p|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The Blue Gene/P computer has been used to simulate approximately one percent of a human cerebral cortex, containing 1.6 billion [[neuron]]s with approximately 9 trillion connections.<ref>Kaku, Michio. [[Physics of the Future]] (New York: Doubleday, 2011), 91.</ref>
* The [[IBM Kittyhawk]] project team has ported Linux to the compute nodes and demonstrated generic Web 2.0 workloads running at scale on a Blue Gene/P. Their paper, published in the ACM Operating Systems Review, describes a kernel driver that tunnels Ethernet over the tree network, which results in all-to-all [[TCP/IP]] connectivity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/kittyhawk/|title=Project Kittyhawk: A Global-Scale Computer|website=Research.ibm.com|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817172151/http://www.research.ibm.com/kittyhawk/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://weather.ou.edu/~apw/projects/kittyhawk/kittyhawk.pdf |title=Project Kittyhawk: Building a Global-Scale Computer |first1=Jonathan |last1=Appavoo |first2=Volkmar |last2=Uhlig |first3=Amos |last3=Waterland |publisher=IBM T.J. Watson Research Center |location=Yorktown Heights, NY |access-date=2018-03-13 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081031010631/http://weather.ou.edu/~apw/projects/kittyhawk/kittyhawk.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Running standard Linux software like [[MySQL]], their performance results on SpecJBB rank among the highest on record.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
* In 2011, a Rutgers University / IBM / University of Texas team linked the [[KAUST]] [[Shaheen (supercomputer)|Shaheen]] installation together with a Blue Gene/P installation at the [[IBM Watson Research Center]] into a "federated high performance computing cloud", winning the IEEE SCALE 2011 challenge with an oil reservoir optimization application.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/special-content/summer-2011/rutgers-led-experts-20110706 |title=Rutgers-led Experts Assemble Globe-Spanning Supercomputer Cloud |website=News.rutgers.edu |date=2011-07-06 |access-date=2011-12-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110044858/http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/special-content/summer-2011/rutgers-led-experts-20110706 |archive-date=2011-11-10 }}</ref>