Editing Iguvine Tablets (section)

==Content==
Tablets I to V present their topic in a concise, matter of fact manner. Tablets VI and VII repeat the same subject as Tablet I in a much more detailed and diluted way, with apparent literary and encomiastic intentions and overtones. The content of the tablets is given below, in their relative order of antiquity as established by Newman on the authority of Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, which is identical to that recently indicated by A. Maggiani.<ref>In Aldo Luigi Prosdocimi ''Le Tavole Iguvine'' I Firenze Olschki 1984.</ref>

===Tablet I===
====Side A====

'''Six triplet sacrifices to the Grabovian triad and the minor triad''':

After observing the birds before and the behind, three oxen are sacrificed to ''Iove Grabovius'' before (without) the ''Trebulana Gate''. Behind (within) it three sows are sacrificed to ''Trebus Iovio''.

Before the ''Tesenaca Gate'' three oxen are sacrificed to ''Marte Grabovie''. Behind it three pigs are sacrificed to ''Fisus Sancius''. A libation ensues.

Before the ''Vehiia Gate'' three white fronted oxen are sacrificed to ''Vofione Grabovie''. Behind the Gate three ewe lambs are sacrificed to ''Tefre Iovie''. After the profanation of the lambs, the rump is offered in expiation and a libation for the ''tota'', local community, ensues, on the two sides separately starting with the right side. After the profanation of the rumps is over the backs shall be profanated.

====Side B====

Two more triplet sacrifices to ''Marte Hodie'' and ''Hondos Çerfios'' in atonement for the citadel:

At the Jovian grove after the shearing of sheep three male calves shall be sacrificed to ''Marte Hodie'' for the Iguvine people and ''tota''.

At the Coreties (Quiritius or Curiatius) grove three male calves shall be sacrificed to ''Hontos Çerfios''.

Henceforth the citadel will be expiated. If any anything vicious happened in the discharge of the rite the birds shall be observed, the rite shall be reinstated once again after returning to the Trebulana Gate.

Review of the city militia and expulsion (''extermination'') of the traditional enemies of Iguvium (Tadinates, Etruscans, Nahartes, Iapuzcoi) by the ''arfertur'' and the two ''prinovatus'' (''augures'' or their attendants):

* Tadinates (''tařinate(m)''), refers to the [[Umbrians]] from [[Gualdo Tadino]];<ref name=Isayev>[[Elena Isayev]], "Italy before the Romans" (2008) in [[Jörg Rüpke]] (editor) ''A Companion to Roman Religion''.</ref><ref name=Cazanove>Olivier de Cazanove (2008). Religion in Preroman Italy, in [[Jörg Rüpke]] (editor) ''A Companion to Roman Religion''.</ref>
* Tusci (''tursku(m)'') refers to the [[Etruscans]], with the possible meaning in Umbrian of boundary;<ref name=Isayev/><ref name=Cazanove/>
* Nahartes (''Naharku(m)''), refers to the Umbrians from around the [[Nera (Italy)|Nera valley]] in southeastern Umbria, from Nahar the ancient name of the river Nera. According to another interpretation, it refers to the [[Sabines]] east of Nahar/Nera river.<ref name=Isayev/><ref name=Cazanove/>
* Iapuzcoi (''Iapuzku(m)'', a tribe of unclear origin,<ref name=Isayev/><ref name=Cazanove/> on which there are various hypotheses: a people of the Adriatic side near [[Picentes]] at the borders with the Umbrians, [[Iapygians]] of [[Apulia|southeastern Italy]], or the [[Iapydes]] of Illyria. The first hypothesis is the most plausible.

Four more triplet sacrifices:

Near the small fontains three red boars shall be sacrificed to Çerfos Martios.

On the Rubinian ''ager'' three she boars shall be sacrificed to Prestata Çerfia of Çerfos Martios. The sacred jugs, black and white, shall there be ordered and turned.

Beyond the ''Sahata'' (''Sahata'' is probably the area considered within the pomerium, possibly marked by a stream) three she calves shall be sacrificed to Tursa Çerfia of Çerfios Martios.

The assignation of the place where to carry out the slaughter of the boars shall be decided according to the site upon which the officiant is watching, whether either behind on the ''Rubina'' or beyond on the ''Sahata''.

Three days later the people shall be assembled and three heifers sacrificed below the Forum of ''Sehemania'' (''Semonia'') to ''Tursa Iovia'' at ''Acedonia''. One of the heifers shall be consecrated by the ''arfertur'' and two by the ''prinovatus''.

===Tablet II===
====Side A (B of Lepsius)====

(Lacuna at the beginning of the text).

Sacrifice of an ox to ''Iove Patre'', of a ram to ''Iovio''? (''Iuno'' according to Newman), of a lamb to ''Iovio'' (''Iuno'') and of a boar to ''Marte''.

The '''Hondia''' (elements that pertain to ritual sacrifice to Hondus, an earth deity)
 
Preparations made by the ''arfertur'': readying of the victim(s), grains, ''strues'', ''fertum'';<ref>''Strucla'', ''ficla'' would be equivalent to the Latin terms denoting the sweetmeats always accompanying religious ceremonies in ancient Roman religion. Cf. Festus s.v. strufertarii. Literally ''ficla'', ''ficula'' made into a shape.</ref> incense or meal, wine; salt, ''mola''; ''mandraculum'' (white linen used to wrap the officiant's hand), vases; pure water; ignition of the fire at the ''ara''. Petronian Feast to ''Hontos Iovios'': sacrifice to ''Hontos Iovios'' of puppies, offers of wine, libation, partition of the meats and their exposition on a board. Holding and turning of the ''ara'' with the hands and offer of wine. Division of the wine, the strues and ferctum, the meats among the participants. Burning (or inhumation) of the puppies at the ''ara''.

====Side B (A of Lepsius)====

Sacrifice and feast of the '''Attidian Brotherhood''':

Sacrifice of a pig and a ram to ''Iove'' at the time of the ''decuriae'' of month ''Semonius'' by the ten sets of families of each of the 12 regions. Sacred ''Epulum'' (feast) in honour of ''Iove Patre'', started in town and profanated at the various ''fana'' with libations using the ''mandraculum''.

'''Vocian''' (Buck: Lucian) '''Feast''' to ''Iupater'':

Sacrifice of a calf to ''Iove Patre'' for the Vocian (Lucian?) ''[[gens]]'' of the Attidians. The sacrifice is conducted with the ''urfeta'' in one hand at the offering and the ''crencatro'' (augural implement comparable to the ''lituum'' but crossed (Newman), or toga wore slanted across the right shoulder (Buck)) in the right hand at the time of the slaughtering.

===Tablets III and IV===
Sacrifice to '''Puemonos Popricos''' and '''Vesuna'''.

General prescriptions concerning the holding of the sacrifice, sacrifice of the ''ovis'' (lamb) to ''Puemonos'' and ''Vesuna'' near a [[sacred grove]]. Containing details on the choice of the ''ohtur'' (''auctor'', head, perhaps ''augur'') of the ceremony, the dispositions of the ritual instruments, the ritual invocations for the safety of the city to ''Iove Patre'' and ''Puemonos'', the distribution of the sacrificial meat and the libations.

===Tablet V===
====Side A====

'''Duties of the ''arsfertur''''':

The ''arsfertur ''must provide whatever is essential for the ceremony and select the victims.

Fees to be levied for the performance of the rites.

Whenever the banquet of the brotherhood takes place, the ''fratreks'' or the ''cvestor'' must put to votes whether the banquet was properly arranged. If the majority of those present think it was not, a further vote must be taken to fix the penalty for the ''arsfertur''.

====Side B====

Contributions to be made by two ''gentes'' to the brethren, and portions of flesh to be awarded them by the brethren on the decurial festival.

===Tablet VI and VII===

These two tablets repeat the content of tablet I while expanding it to include and expound the minutest details of the rituals. See below for a sample text and translation of part of tablet six.

====VI Side A====

'''Lustration of the ''arx'''''

Introductory auspices: as in I the sacrifice is to be preceded by the taking of the auspices. Formulae passed between the augur and the arfertur (legum dictio); warning against noises, interruptions, meddling; boundaries of the augural templum; formulae of announcement of the auspices (conspectio, nuntiatio); prescriptions applying to the ensuing sacrifice concerning the military rod (''pirsca arsmatia''), the disposition of the pots and the fire.

#Sacrifice of three oxen to Iove Grabovios before the Trebulan gate. An opening prayer is followed by three long prayers in identical words for each of the three offerings to the three Grabovian gods and these by a general prayer in conclusion. Then follow prayers especially devoted to the rites connected with the sacrifice.
#Sacrifice of three pregnant sows to Trebos Iovios behind the Trebulan gate: the prayers used in the first sacrifice are to be repeated.

====Side B====

#Sacrifice of three oxen to Marte Grabovios before the Tesenaca gate. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated.
#Sacrifice of three suckling pigs to Fisus Sancius behind the Tesenaca gate. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated. Then an offering of cakes accompanied by specific prayers and ceremonies ensues (involving the use of the ''mandraculum'', white linen cloth wrapping the right hand of the officiant): special attention is given to Fisus Sancius, patron of the citadel (''ocre Fisia'').
#Sacrifice of three oxen with a white forehead (''calersuf'') to Vofionos Grabovios before the Vehia gate. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated.
#Sacrifice of three she lambs to Tefer Iovios behind the Vehia gate. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated. Then supplementary offerings follow, thereafter prayers and accompanying rites with vases on both sides of a trench.
#Sacrifice of three bull calves to Marte Horse at the Iovian grove. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated.
#Sacrifice of other three bull calves to Hondos Çerfios at the Coredian grove. The prayers of the first sacrifice are to be repeated.

Rites for the lustration of the ''poplo'' (people, i. e. city militia) and execration of the enemies:

The auspices are to be taken in the same way as for the lustration of the ''arx''. Holding the ''perca arsmatia'' (ritual staff) and the ''cringatro'' the ''arsfertur'' lights the fire then with the two assistants (''prinovatus''), who hold rods of pomegranate wood, marches with the victims along the Augural Way to the district of ''Acedonia''. Proclamation is made expelling the alien enemies. The Iguvines are ordered to form in companies. The ''arsfertur'' and the assistants march about them thrice with the victims and the fire. At the end a prayer is made invoking misfortune upon the aliens and blessings upon the Iguvinians.

====VII Side a====

Sacrifice of three boars to'' Çerfios Martios'' at the ''Fontuli'', accompanied by the prayers used at the Trebulan gate.

Sacrifice of three sows to ''Praestita Çerfia'' at ''Rubinia'', with the prayers used at the Trebulan gate. Ceremonies with the black vessels and the white vessels, the former meant to bring misfortune to the aliens, the latter to avert it from the Iguvinians. Offering to Fisovius Sancius with the prayersw used behind the Tesenaca gate.

Sacrifice of three female calves beyond the ''Sahata'' to ''Tursa Çerfia'' of the Çerfios of Marte. The prayers used at the Trebulan gate are to be repeated. The profanation of the offerings must take place where the ''nuntiatio'' happened: either in Rubinia or beyond the Sahata.

After three days the holder of the ''perca arsmatia'' and the two assistants pray silently for the execration of the enemies and the safety of Iguvium from the shrine of Tursa. Then heifers are set free below the Forum of ''Sehemenia'': the first person who has caught any of the first three shall sacrifice them to ''Tursa Iovia'' at ''Aceronia'' for Iguvium. The prayers and rituals (offer of cereals, strues, fertum, ''persea'') used at the Trebulan gate are to be repeated.

====Side b====

Obligations of the ''fratrexs'' and entity of the fine he must pay in case of omissions (300 asses).