Editing Indentured servitude (section)

==China==
During the [[mid-19th century]], thousands of [[Chinese people|Chinese]] laborers were contracted, often under [[deceptive]] or [[coercive]] means by slavers called crimps, to work in plantations across the [[Caribbean]], [[Peru]], and [[Hawaii]]. These migrations were a direct consequence of colonial powers seeking cheap labor post-slavery abolition, with Chinese trade docks being forced open by the unequal treaties following the [[Opium Wars]].<ref name="ding 2001">{{cite AV media |last=Ding |first=Loni |date=2001 |title=Ancestors in the Americas  |url=https://www.kanopy.com/en/product/ancestors-americas?frontend=kui |url-access=registration |format=Streaming video |work= |type=Documentary |language=en |publisher=CET Films |access-date=2025-02-02 |via=Kanopy}}</ref>

These workers endured grueling labor conditions.<ref name="ding 2001"/> A [[Yankee]] [[plantation]] manager in Hawaii is quoted as saying, "They have to work all the time — and no regard is paid to their complaints for food, etc., Slavery is nothing compared to it."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans|last=Takaki|first=Ronald|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|year=1998|location=United States|page=21}}</ref> These laborers were part of a larger post-abolition system that replaced [[chattel slavery]] with contract slavery. Testimonies from Chinese workers in Cuba document abuse, overwork, and limited legal recourse.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba|last=Yun|first=Lisa|publisher=Temple University Press|year=2009|location=United States}}</ref>