Editing Inkjet printing (section)

== Printing heads ==
[[File:Druckkopf.jpg|thumb|Inkjet heads: [[disposable product|disposable]] head (left) and fixed head (right) with ink cartridge (middle)]]

There are two main design philosophies in inkjet head design: ''fixed-head'' and ''disposable head''. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses.

=== Fixed head ===

The ''fixed-head'' philosophy provides an inbuilt print head (often referred to as a ''gaiter-head'') that is designed to last for the life of the printer. The idea is that because the head need not be replaced every time the ink runs out, consumable costs can be made lower and the head itself can be more precise than a cheap disposable one, typically requiring no calibration. On the other hand, if a fixed head is damaged, obtaining a replacement head can become expensive, if removing and replacing the head is even possible. If the printer's head cannot be removed, the printer itself will then need to be replaced.

Fixed head designs are available in consumer products, but are more likely to be found on industrial high-end printers and [[Wide-format printer|large format printers]]. In the consumer space, fixed-head printers are manufactured primarily by Epson and Canon; however, many more recent Hewlett-Packard models use a fixed head, such as the Officejet Pro 8620 and HP's Pagewide series.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGNV7o0VRp4 |title=HP OfficeJet Pro X Printers with PageWide |date=2013-02-23 |last=Delighted Robot |access-date=2025-05-06 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/DGNV7o0VRp4 |archive-date=2021-12-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

=== Disposable head ===
The ''disposable head'' philosophy uses a print head which is supplied as a part of a replaceable [[ink cartridge]]. Every time a cartridge is exhausted, the entire cartridge and print head are replaced with a new one. This adds to the cost of [[consumables]] and makes it more difficult to manufacture a high-precision head at a reasonable cost, but also means that a damaged or clogged print head is only a minor problem: the user can simply buy a new cartridge. [[Hewlett-Packard]] has traditionally favored the disposable print head, as did [[Canon Inc.|Canon]] in its early models. This type of construction can also be seen as an effort by printer manufacturers to stem third party ink cartridge assembly replacements, as these would-be suppliers do not have the ability to manufacture specialized print heads.

An intermediate method does exist: a disposable ink tank connected to a disposable head, which is replaced infrequently (perhaps every tenth ink tank or so). Most high-volume [[Hewlett-Packard]] inkjet printers use this setup, with the disposable print heads used on lower volume models. A similar approach is used by [[Kodak]], where the printhead intended for permanent use is nevertheless inexpensive and can be replaced by the user. Canon now uses (in most models) replaceable print heads which are designed to last the life of the printer, but can be replaced by the user should they become clogged.

=== Cleaning mechanisms ===
[[File:Epson Stylus S22 - covering the printhead nozzles with a rubber cap.webm|thumb|Video: covering the printhead nozzles with a rubber cap]]

The primary cause of inkjet printing problems is ink drying on the printhead's nozzles, causing the pigments and dyes to dry out and form a solid block of hardened mass that plugs the microscopic ink passageways. Most printers attempt to prevent this drying from occurring by covering the printhead nozzles with a rubber cap when the printer is not in use. Abrupt power losses, or unplugging the printer before it has capped the printhead, can cause the printhead to be left in an uncapped state. Even when the head is capped, this seal is not perfect, and over a period of several weeks the moisture (or other solvent) can still seep out, causing the ink to dry and harden. Once ink begins to collect and harden, the drop volume can be affected, drop trajectory can change, or the nozzle can completely fail to jet ink.

To combat this drying, nearly all inkjet printers include a mechanism to reapply moisture to the printhead. Typically there is no separate supply of pure ink-free solvent available to do this job, and so instead the ink itself is used to remoisten the printhead. The printer attempts to fire all nozzles at once, and as the ink sprays out, some of it wicks across the printhead to the dry channels and partially softens the hardened ink. After spraying, a rubber wiper blade is swept across the printhead to spread the moisture evenly across the printhead, and all jets are again fired to dislodge any ink clumps blocking the channels.

Some printers use a supplemental air-suction pump, using the rubber capping station to suck ink through a severely clogged cartridge. The suction pump mechanism is frequently driven by the page feed [[stepper motor]]: it is connected to the end of the shaft. The pump only engages when the shaft turns backwards, hence the rollers reversing while head cleaning. Due to the built-in head design, the suction pump is also needed to prime the ink channels inside a new printer, and to reprime the channels between ink tank changes.

Professional solvent- and UV-curable ink wide-format inkjet printers generally include a "manual clean" mode that allows the operator to manually clean the print heads and capping mechanism and to replace the wiper blades and other parts used in the automated cleaning processes. The volume of ink used in these printers often leads to "overspray" and therefore buildup of dried ink in many places that automated processes are not capable of cleaning.
[[file:Epson_Ink_maintainance_Box_.jpg|thumb|Epson Maintenance box full of used ink|right|100px]]
The ink consumed in the cleaning process needs to be collected to prevent ink from leaking in the printer. The collection area is called the [[inkjet spittoon|spittoon]], and in Hewlett-Packard printers this is an open plastic tray underneath the cleaning/wiping station. In Epson printers, there is typically a large absorption pad in a pan underneath the paper feed platen. For printers that are several years old, it is common for the dried ink in the spittoon to form a pile that can stack up and touch the printheads, jamming the printer. Some larger professional printers using solvent inks may employ a replaceable plastic receptacle to contain waste ink and solvent, which must be emptied or replaced when full.

[[File:Labyrinth Air Channels on Epson Ink Tank.JPG|thumb|Labyrinth air vent tubes on the top of an Epson Stylus Photo 5-color ink tank. The long air channels are molded into the top of the tank and the blue label seals the channels into long tubes. The yellow label is removed prior to installation, and opens the tube ends to the atmosphere so that ink can be sprayed onto the paper. Removing the blue label would destroy the tubes and cause the moisture to quickly evaporate.]]

There is a second type of ink drying that most printers are unable to prevent. For ink to spray from the cartridge, air must enter to displace the removed ink. The air enters via an extremely long, thin labyrinth tube, up to {{Convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, wrapping back and forth across the ink tank. The channel is long and narrow to reduce moisture evaporation through the vent tube, but some evaporation still occurs and eventually the ink cartridge dries up from the inside out. To combat this problem, which is especially acute with professional fast-drying solvent inks, many [[wide-format printer]] cartridge designs contain the ink in an airtight, collapsible bag that requires no vent. The bag merely shrinks until the cartridge is empty.

The frequent cleaning conducted by some printers can consume quite a bit of ink and has a great impact on cost-per-page determinations.

Clogged nozzles can be detected by printing a standard test pattern on the page. Some software workaround methods are known for rerouting printing information from a clogged nozzle to a working nozzle.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

=== Ink delivery developments ===

Ink cartridges have been the traditional method for delivering ink to the printhead. [[Continuous ink system]] (CISS) inkjet printers connect the printhead either to high-capacity ink tanks or packs, or replenish the built-in cartridges via external tanks connected via tubes, typically a [[Continuous ink system#Retrofit accessory kits|retrofit configuration]]. [[Supertank printers]]–a subset of CISS printers–have high-capacity integrated ink tanks or ink packs, and are manually refilled via ink bottles. When supertank ink systems are paired with disposable printhead technology, replaceable cartridges are used to replace the exhausted print heads.