Editing Inquisition (section)

==Origin==
Before the 12th century, the Catholic Church suppressed what they believed to be [[Heresy in Christianity|heresy]], usually through a system of ecclesiastical proscription or imprisonment, but without using torture,<ref>{{harvp|Lea|1887a|loc=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/39451/39451-h/39451-h.htm#CHAPTER_VII Chapter VII. The Inquisition Founded]}}: "The judicial use of torture was as yet happily unknown..."</ref> and seldom resorting to executions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foxe|first=John|author-link=John Foxe|title=[[Foxe's Book of Martyrs]]|chapter=Chapter monkey|chapter-url=http://www.jesus.org.uk/vault/library/foxes_book_of_martyrs.pdf|access-date=2010-08-31|archive-date=2012-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126164105/http://www.jesus.org.uk/vault/library/foxes_book_of_martyrs.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Blötzer|first=J.|encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia|title=Inquisition|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm|access-date=2012-08-26|year=1910|publisher=Ava Rojas Company|quote=... in this period the more influential ecclesiastical authorities declared that the [[death penalty]] was contrary to the spirit of the Gospel, and they themselves opposed its execution. For centuries this was the ecclesiastical attitude both in theory and in practice. Thus, in keeping with the civil law, some Manichæans were executed at Ravenna in 556. On the other hand, Elipandus of Toledo and Felix of Urgel, the chiefs of Adoptionism and Predestinationism, were condemned by councils, but were otherwise left unmolested. We may note, however, that the monk Gothescalch, after the condemnation of his false doctrine that Christ had not died for all mankind, was by the Synods of Mainz in 848 and Quiercy in 849 sentenced to flogging and imprisonment, punishments then common in monasteries for various infractions of the rule.|archive-date=2007-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026132112/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Such punishments were opposed by a number of clergymen and theologians, although some countries punished heresy with the [[death penalty]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Blötzer|first=J.|encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia|title=Inquisition|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm|access-date=2012-08-26|year=1910|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|quote=[...] the occasional executions of heretics during this period must be ascribed partly to the arbitrary action of individual rulers, partly to the fanatic outbreaks of the overzealous populace, and in no wise to ecclesiastical law or the ecclesiastical authorities.|archive-date=2007-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026132112/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lea|1887a|loc=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/39451/39451-h/39451-h.htm#CHAPTER_VII Chapter VII. The Inquisition Founded]}} [[Pope Siricius]], [[Ambrose of Milan]], and [[Martin of Tours]] protested against the execution of [[Priscillian]], largely as an undue interference in ecclesiastical discipline by a civil tribunal. Though widely viewed as a heretic, Priscillian was executed as a sorcerer. Ambrose refused to give any recognition to Ithacius of Ossonuba, "not wishing to have anything to do with bishops who had sent heretics to their death".<ref>Hughes, Philip (1979). History of the Church Volume 2: ''The Church In The World The Church Created: Augustine To Aquinas''. A&C Black. pp.27–28, {{ISBN| 978-0-7220-7982-9}}</ref>

In the 12th century, to counter the spread of [[Catharism]], and other heresies, prosecution of heretics became more frequent. The Church charged councils composed of bishops and archbishops with establishing inquisitions (the [[Medieval Inquisition|Episcopal Inquisition]]). Pope [[Pope Lucius III|Lucius III]] issued the bull ''[[Ad abolendam|Ad Abolendam]]'' (1184), which condemned heresy as [[contumacy]] toward ecclesiastical authority.{{Sfnp|Peters|1980|p=170-173}} The bull ''[[Vergentis in Senium]]'' in 1199 stipulated that heresy would be considered, in terms of punishment, equal to treason (''[[Lèse-majesté]])'', and the punishment would be imposed also on the descendants of the condemned.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Théry|first1=Julien|last2=Gilli|first2=Patrick|date=2010|title=" Expérience italienne et norme inquisitoriale ", chap.11(in Le gouvernement pontifical et l'Italie des villes au temps de la théocratie (fin XIIe-mi-XIVe siècle)|url=https://www.academia.edu/32534765|access-date=2024-05-06|website=Academia|publisher=Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée|pages=547–592|language=fr}}</ref>

The first Inquisition was temporarily established in [[Languedoc]] (south of France) in 1184. The murder of Pope Innocent III's papal legate [[Pierre de Castelnau]] by Cathars in 1208 sparked the [[Albigensian Crusade]] (1209–1229). The Inquisition was permanently established in 1229 ([[Council of Toulouse]]), run largely by the Dominicans<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Inquisition|website=Newadvent.org|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=26 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026132112/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> in Rome and later at [[Carcassonne]] in Languedoc.

In 1252, the Papal Bull ''[[Ad extirpanda]]'', following another assassination by Cathars, charged the head of state with funding and selecting inquisitors from monastic orders; this caused friction by establishing a competitive court to the Bishop's courts.